Elton

ELTON, a balneological mud resort in the Stalingrad region, on the shore of the salt Lake Elton, on the railway line between Saratov and Astrakhan, 320 km from Saratov and 348 km from Astrakhan. Lake Elton is one of the largest self-saltating salt lakes in the USSR. The lake is oval in shape, with an area of approximately 230 km². The brine of the lake is extremely saturated; its specific weight is 1.210, and its mineralization consists mainly of sodium chloride, with impurities of calcium and magnesium, and the sulfate ion is present to a lesser degree than in other similar lakes. The lake contains the richest deposits of excellent therapeutic mud. This mud is found mainly along the shores of the lake. The resort is located in the steppes of the Volga region. Against the background of desert, solonchak steppes, the resort area stands out with its fairly extensive park and tree vegetation. The climate of the resort is sharply continental with hot, sultry summers, early spring, and a snowless, severe winter. The air temperature during the season: in May +17.3°C, in June +22.7°C, in July +25.4°C, in August +22.7°C, and in September +16.0°C. Precipitation is scarce: in May - 34 mm, in June - 38 mm, in July - 24 mm, in August - 20 mm, and in September - 26 mm. The weather is predominantly sunny, and the average air humidity in summer is 50-55%. Constant winds, which are relatively weak in summer, moderate the heat. As therapeutic agents at the resort, the brine and mud of Lake Elton are used, as well as heliotherapy. In the vicinity of the resort, there are many mineral springs, which are still little studied; some of them, for example, a spring near the mouth of the B. Smorody River (salty-iron-containing with a high content of magnesium and sodium sulfates), are used for drinking. The resort has a large mud bathhouse located directly on the lake and connected to the resort settlement by a special railway branch (4 km). The mud bathhouse can provide approximately 1,000 procedures in 8 hours. The resort has a polyclinic, a well-equipped laboratory, an X-ray room, a pharmacy, a physiotherapy department, and therapeutic physical exercises are conducted. Accommodations for in-patients are located in the resort settlement, while out-patients are accommodated in neighboring settlements. The capacity of the resort is up to 1,500 people per season. The season is from May to September. Indications are the same as for mud resorts in general. The resort has been operating since 1910. The mud of Lake Elton was one of the first to be used for extra-resort mud therapy due to its significant density, which facilitates transportation.

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EMBDEN Gustav (Gustav Embden, 1874-1933), an outstanding German biochemist. He studied at the universities of Freiburg, Munich, Berlin, and Strasbourg; from 1899 to 1903 he worked in Hofmeister's laboratory. From 1904, E. headed the clinical laboratory in Frankfurt, and in 1907 he transformed this small laboratory into a physiological-chemical institute. In 1907, E. was a privat-docent, in 1909 - an extraordinary professor, and from 1914 until his death - an ordinary professor, head of the department of biological chemistry at the University of Frankfurt. E.'s works relate to the field of intermediate metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. He studied the formation of lactic acid and a number of intermediate products during glycolysis, the formation of sugar in the liver from amino acids and trioses, the role of the liver in the formation of amino acids from keto- and oxoacids and ammonium salts, and the sources and place of formation of acetone bodies in the organism. E. made many contributions to the chemistry of muscle contraction: he isolated hexosemonophosphoric acid and adenosinephosphoric (adenylic) acid, established the elimination of ammonia during muscle work, and studied the role of lactic acid and phosphorus in the process of muscle contraction. In 1933, he proposed a new scheme of carbohydrate decomposition, according to which the path to the end products lies not through methylglyoxal (see), as was previously believed, but through three-carbon phosphorylated products - phosphotrioses, phosphoglyceric acid - and pyruvic acid. This discovery by E. played an outstanding role in the development of modern concepts of the chemistry of carbohydrate decomposition, both during glycolysis (see) in the animal cell and during fermentations. E.'s works were published mainly in Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie and in Pflügers Archiv. E. was co-editor of the monumental "Handbuch der normalen und pathologischen Physiologie" (B., V. I-XVIII, from 1925).