Insufficiency

INSUFFICIENCY (from Latin sufficere - to be sufficient), insufficiency, a term most often applied to cases of heart valve lesions, characterized by defects of the valves on the basis of acute or chronic inflammation of the endocardium with the subsequent inability to adequately separate one cardiac chamber from another. Such insufficiency can also develop depending on the involvement of the papillary muscles as a result of myocardial disease. One can speak of insufficiency also in relation to any other organ, for example, the liver, endocrine glands, etc. Insufficiency of an organ in some cases may be acquired as a result of a preceding disease, but it can also be of congenital nature as a result of certain intrauterine influences or heredity. The consequences of organ insufficiency depend on its function. In particular, insufficiency of heart valves leads to improper filling of the heart chambers with subsequent hypertrophy of some of them; as a result, initially so-called compensated heart defect develops, and later - disruption of compensation. INSUFFLAT10 (Latin), insufflation of powdered medicinal substances in diseases of the ear, nose, and throat, is used much less frequently than medicines in liquid form in the form of applications or instillations. In diseases of the ear, insufflation of powders (most often Ac. boric, pulver. subtiliss.) may be used in acute weeping eczemas or other skin diseases after preliminary drying of the ear; then insufflation can be applied in the stage of subsidence of acute otitis or in uncomplicated perforative chronic otitis with a large perforation of the eardrum and with slight inflammatory swelling of the mucous membrane of the middle ear. For insufflation into the ear, various types of powder insufflators with straight tips are used; it is best if the latter can withstand boiling. Only a small amount of powder should be insufflated into the ear, so to speak, "powdering"; if much powder gets into the ear, a plug will form, which will delay the discharge and can thus exacerbate the process. Insufflation of powders into the nose is performed extremely rarely. Insufflation into the pharynx and larynx occurs mainly in ulcerative processes. Special attention should be paid to the insufflation of orthoform or anesthesin on ulcers in disorders of swallowing due to tuberculosis of the pharynx or larynx. For insufflation of powders into the larynx, powder insufflators with tips curved downward are used. It is recommended to perform insufflation of powders into the larynx under the control of a laryngoscopic mirror.