Petroleum

PETROLEUM, rock oil, petroleum (Oleum Petrae), represents an oily liquid, insoluble in water, colorless, or reddish, greenish-yellow, yellow, or brown, consisting mainly of hydrocarbons and occurring in deposits in the earth's interior. Oils from different fields differ not only in color, density, volatility, boiling point, but also in the amount of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and mineral compounds. Sulfur has been determined in Baku petroleum at 0.06%, while the largest amount of sulfur is found in Ohio and Canadian (North America) petroleum—0.3-0.8%; nitrogen is usually found in petroleum in less than 0.2%; mineral impurities (ash) less than 0.1%; oxygen (in fatty and similar acids) is found from 1% to 4%. Comparing the composition of Caucasian petroleum with others, especially with American, we see that Caucasian petroleum consists of 80% hexahydroaromatic hydrocarbons, called naphthenes by Markovnikov; saturated hydrocarbons are contained in it only in small quantities, while American (Pennsylvania) petroleum contains significantly more saturated hydrocarbons but very little cyclic. Aromatic hydrocarbons are rarely found in petroleum and in very small quantities (e.g. in Rangoon petroleum). Petroleum also contains hydrocarbons with an open chain of general formulas C_nH_2n, C_nH_2n+2 and C_nH_2n+2. Liquid petroleum (specific gravity 0.78-0.92) is distinguished, containing fairly large amounts of easily volatile hydrocarbons, as well as gases, partly consisting of such (methane) which ignite upon contact with air and give the so-called "eternal flames" (e.g. in Surukhany near Baku). The emergence of self-igniting gases on the earth's surface, as well as mud volcanoes (salzas), often serve as indicators of oil deposits. Another type of petroleum represents a tar- or resin-like liquid, forming a transition to asphalt. Petroleum either flows to the earth's surface or accumulates in natural or dug pits, wells, caves, or is obtained by artesian drilling; in deep drilling, petroleum usually first gushes forth, sometimes to a great height, yielding up to a thousand hectoliters per day; in Baku there was a case when an oil gusher produced 120,000 hl in one day. Petroleum is found in shales, limestones, but often impregnates sands, sandstones. Small amounts of petroleum are found in meteorites, in lavas (Etna), in coral cavities. Oil deposits have been found in all parts of the world. In North America, oil deposits occupy tens of thousands of square kilometers; they are especially abundant in Pennsylvania, Canada, Ohio, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, California; most deposits are located in the plain west of the Allegheny Mountains. In Central America, oil has been found in southern Mexico, Nicaragua, Oregon, Colombia, as well as on the West Indies islands. In South America, oil has been found in Bolivia, Peru, Argentina. In Africa, there is oil in Morocco and southern Egypt. In Australia—in Adelaide and Sydney, as well as in New Zealand. In Asia, large deposits are found in Java, Sumatra, Borneo, in Siam, Burma (Rangoon), in several regions of China, on Sakhalin, in the northern parts of Japan. American petroleum lies in ancient rocks—Silurian and partly Devonian formations, Caucasian, on the contrary, in young Tertiary (Miocene), Carpathian—in Cretaceous (flysch), Pechora—in Devonian; generally petroleum is found in deposits of various ages and completely independently of coal deposits. In the Caucasus, the main deposits are on the Apsheron Peninsula near Baku, near Makhachkala, Grozny, Tiflis, Derbent; in addition in the USSR, one should mention Taman, Kerch, Kirghiz steppes, Central Asia (Turkestan), Pechora region. In Western Europe, oil deposits exist in Galicia, Wallachia, Hungary, Bukovina, Italy (Parma, Modena). In connection with oil deposits, deposits of asphalt, ozokerite, and mountain wax are often found. In the ancient world, petroleum, as well as mountain tar or resin, was used for lighting and as a lubricant, but more often as a medicine. North American Indians have long extracted petroleum by digging pits for this purpose; this petroleum was called "Seneca oil" by Europeans. In the Middle Ages, oil from Agrigentum was used for lighting in lamps under the name of Sicilian oil. Oil from Amano in the 18th century served for some time for street lighting in Genoa; oil from Tegernsee Lake in Bohemia under the name of Quirinus oil was used as a medicinal agent. Caucasian petroleum, especially from the Baku deposit, has been used since ancient times both for burning in lamps (chirak) with wicks, and for lubricating wheels and as an external remedy. Under Persian rule near the settlement of Balakhany, petroleum was extracted from wells specially arranged for this purpose. The extraction of petroleum in this area under Russian rule in the early 19th century expanded to several thousand tons per year; but all this petroleum was distributed among the local population. In 1823, for the first time, distillates were obtained from petroleum here (Dubinin), very close in physical qualities to kerosene; but this first, not yet purified with acid and alkali kerosene, however, did not catch on for lighting purposes, whereas the photogen obtained somewhat later in Scotland (from Scottish bituminous shales, boghead and peat) quickly found universal application as an illuminating oil and paved the way for hydrocarbon illuminating materials in lamp lighting; the latter until that time was produced exclusively from vegetable oil, which gave less light, burned unevenly, required great care and cost no less than mineral oil. Only when (April 1855) Professor Silliman published a report on the chemical composition of American petroleum and showed that upon distillation it gives 80% of illuminating mineral oil, just as suitable for burning in lamps as photogen, only then was kerosene increasingly used for lighting in lamps. It then turned out that digging wells gave very little petroleum and did not satisfy growing needs. Soon (in 1859) in America they turned to artesian drilling; the hopes of the drillers were justified, and already from a depth of 21 m they began to obtain 75 hl of petroleum per day (by pumping with pumps), and when in 1861 at a well of 140 m a gusher struck, giving 12,500 hl per day, an "oil fever" began in America. In the Caucasus at this time experiments were carried out in distilling petroleum (Kokorev, Eichler), as well as soil impregnated with petroleum and called "kir". The experiments gave good illuminating oil. At this time, oil-bearing lands were leased, and the increase in petroleum extraction proceeded very slowly until 1872, when oil lands were sold to private individuals and when sufficient capital began to be invested in the oil business. Then in the Caucasus artesian drilling was established, petroleum extraction and petroleum products quickly increased, and the trade in petroleum and its products in Russia, as well as throughout the world, reached the dimensions of first necessity products. The industrial development of American oil deposits began in 1857, and the extensive use of petroleum processing products for lighting from 1859. The development of petroleum in Romania and Galicia began significantly later. Particularly rich are considered the oil deposits in the USA and in the southern USSR, supplying petroleum and petroleum products to the entire civilized world. Scientists' views on the origin of petroleum are different: there are 4 hypotheses. According to the hypothesis of Mendeleev, Cloez and Moissan, petroleum was formed from inorganic compounds by the action of water on metal carbides (mainly on iron carbide). Mendeleev's hypothesis is based on the experiments of Besson, who, acting with water vapor and carbon dioxide on iron, obtained liquid hydrocarbons close to petroleum. Based on these experiments, Mendeleev's hypothesis is based on scientific concepts about the state of the earth's core. The Kant-Laplace cosmogonic theory, the specific gravity of the earth, the composition of meteorites and some other considerations allow Mendeleev to conclude that in the deep layers of the earth's crust there are large accumulations of heavy metals, especially iron, which combines with carbon and gives iron carbide; water penetrating through cracks in the earth's crust, acting on iron carbide under high pressure at high temperature, gives petroleum, in Mendeleev's opinion. At present, the optical activity of petroleum (right rotation +1° to +2°) is cited against this hypothesis. According to the cosmic hypothesis (Sokolov), petroleum as such was absorbed by the earth during its transition from a gaseous to a liquid state, during the formation of a solid earth's crust. The petroleum released according to this hypothesis is a residue given off by the earth as it cools and compresses, similar to other products of volcanic activity. The hypothesis of the origin of petroleum under the influence of temperature and pressure on the wood or plant masses formed in ancient epochs is rejected by scientists on geological and chemical grounds. The animal origin of petroleum at present has a large number of supporters, who admit that oil deposits occurred through a gradual process of decomposition of animal and to a lesser extent plant substances at elevated temperature and necessarily under strong pressure. Engler (S.

Engler), acting at high t° (365-425°) under high pressure (20-25 atmospheres) on fish oil and wax, obtained a liquid similar in properties and composition to American petroleum. In the theses for this work, Engler states that petroleum results from the decomposition of fats and waxes accumulated over thousands of years, with the participation of only a negligible amount of proteins, which decompose in the process with the release of fatty acids; according to Engler, the decomposition of fats, waxes, and proteins occurs in the soil under pressure and at varying temperatures. According to Mendeleev, the argument against the organic origin of petroleum is already that petroleum deposits are often found in ancient Devonian formations or in Silurian ones (American, Pechora petroleum), deposited in those epochs when animal and even plant life on earth were weakly expressed. For medical purposes, Italian petroleum has been used since ancient times and became official in Europe since the Middle Ages. It is a yellowish or reddish liquid with a burnt smell, specific gravity 0.75-0.85, boiling point beginning at 90°. This petroleum contains varying amounts of asphalt and resin, which give it a bituminous smell, yellowish or reddish color, and an acidic reaction. Like other petroleums, it is insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol, and easily soluble in fatty and essential oils. Italian petroleum differs from American petroleum in that it does not discolor when mixed with strong sulfuric acid, but the latter does discolor it. Additionally, American petroleum has no bituminous smell, and purified petroleum boils only at 150°. Turpentine, tar, and coal tar oils differ from petroleum in that they turn brown when mixed with strong sulfuric acid. - Petroleum is used externally for rubbing in cases of rheumatism and chilblains. In England and America, a mixture of Italian petroleum, juniper essential oil, amber essential oil, turpentine oil, and linseed oil is a favorite remedy for rheumatism, paralysis, etc. As an ointment for frostbite, petroleum is used in mixture with a large amount of alcohol (this mixture, colored red, is called Siberian vodka-Eau de Siberienne); by adding camphor to petroleum, this solution is used with wax (Unguentum cereum) as an ointment. For frostbite, petroleum is also used in the form of a liniment with linseed oil and ammonia. Petroleum is also a remedy against scabies, however, petroleum cannot be applied to the entire surface or a large part of the body at the same time, as poisoning and even fatal outcomes may occur. Internally, petroleum is given in doses of 5-15 g to horses for colic. Purified official petroleum (Ol. Petrae rectificatum) is a transparent, colorless liquid, insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol, and easily soluble in essential and fatty oils. Boiling point begins at 85°; specific gravity 0.75-0.77. It is obtained by steam distillation from fresh Italian petroleum. It differs from raw petroleum in the absence of resinous substances, as well as in having no color, smell, or acidic reaction. It is used in all cases where raw petroleum is indicated; additionally, it is taken internally as a home remedy for tapeworms, cramps, dropsy, and to strengthen the nerves in doses of 5-20 drops on sugar or in essential tinctures. In the USSR, as a folk remedy under the name "purified petroleum," Caucasian kerosene is used, which consists largely of naphthenes or hexahydroaromatic hydrocarbons (belonging to polymethylene cyclic hydrocarbons of the formula C_nH_2n). The hydrocarbons contained in kerosene should be considered less toxic than hydrocarbons with a boiling point below 150°, contained in petroleum ether, gasoline (see); kerosene hydrocarbons act as narcotic substances of the fatty series, but much weaker than the hydrocarbons of gasoline, petroleum ether. Even large doses of kerosene (up to 1 liter) sometimes do not cause fatal outcomes. In severe cases of kerosene poisoning, severe burning and pain in the stomach area, vomiting, fainting, trembling, and gastroenteritis are observed. In fatal cases, symptoms of paralysis of the central nervous system have been noted. Convulsions from poisoning due to inhaling the vapors of Caucasian petroleum should apparently be considered the result of the action of hexahydroaromatic hydrocarbons, which make up 80% of Caucasian petroleum; therefore, Caucasian kerosene and petroleum itself should be considered more toxic than American or petroleum of other origin, as well as kerosene; according to P. N. Kravkov, American kerosene does not cause convulsions. When kerosene is introduced internally, symptoms of kidney inflammation appear, protein, cylinders, etc. are found in the urine. The same symptoms are observed when kerosene is rubbed into the skin of rabbits. The use of kerosene in medical practice is insignificant. In folk medicine in the USSR, kerosene (sometimes called gas in folk usage) is used primarily for inhalation in a wide variety of diseases. Kerosene undoubtedly has an irritating and probably also a disinfecting effect. Petroleum itself as a therapeutic agent is used in places where it is extracted, for example, in the Caucasus, and also primarily as an external remedy. Hydrocarbons of petroleum with a boiling point above 250-300° are used in technology as lubricating oils; those boiling at higher temperatures are semi-liquid or solid hydrocarbons, among other things used for making candles. From these fractions of petroleum, petroleum products used in medicine are also obtained. Of these petroleum products, vaseline, vaseline oil, vasenol (Vasenol), vasogen (Va-sogen), petroleum ether (see Gasoline), ceresin, or ozokerite (see), and naphthalan (see) are of great importance; great sanitary importance is also attached to the naphthenic acids obtained from petroleum, which serve as the main raw material at present for making naphthenic soaps for laundry in the Union; from naphthenic soap, the well-known disinfectant (against lice) naphthalozole is prepared. Due to the great demand for gasoline (especially for engines), the high-boiling fractions of petroleum and petroleum residues are subjected to cracking to obtain gasoline.

N. Kornilov. The industrialization of the USSR places maximum acceleration of the petroleum industry on the forefront, both in terms of increasing oil production and in the direction of exploring new oil fields. The five-year plan, which projected such accelerated growth rates for the petroleum industry, was completed by the petroleum industry in 2½ years, which is the greatest victory of socialist construction. The growth of oil production in the USSR (in millions of tons) is visible from the following table: Regions 1913 1927/28 1928/29 | Baku ..... 7.36 7.57 8.68 | Grozny ..... 1.21 3.58 4.44 | Ural-Emba ..... 0.12 0.25 0.26 | Kubano-Chernomorsky ..... 0.09 0.11 0.16 | Sakhalin ..... 0.02 0.03 0.03 | Uzbekistan ..... 0.01 0.01 0.02 | Turkmenistan ..... 0.01 0.01 0.01 | Entire USSR ..... 0.13 0.02 0.02 | 8.92 11.54 13.60 Thanks to the fulfillment of the five-year plan by the petroleum industry in 2½ years, the USSR was already producing 21 million tons in 1931. For 1933 (the first year of the second five-year plan), it is planned to increase oil production to 46 million tons. In 1928, a total of 67,385 workers and employees were employed in the petroleum industry of the USSR, who were distributed by type of production as follows: oil production-20,668, drilling-17,616, oil refineries-7,687, auxiliary enterprises-8,646, service-12,768. Since the 1870s, petroleum has been extracted through cylindrical holes (wells), chiseled or drilled into the earth's strata and extending from the surface to the oil-bearing layer. Well drilling by chiseling is called percussion drilling, and drilling by boring is called rotary drilling. The significance of each type of drilling is determined by the following figures: for 1927/28, there were 974 wells in operation, of which 56.6% were rotary drilling and 43.4% were percussion drilling. For drilling operations, a special temporary structure is built, the so-called drilling derrick. The derrick is a tall (from 28 to 40 m) wooden structure in the form of a four-sided pyramid, sheathed on the outside with clapboard, iron, and rarely eternit. In one of the four sides, gates are installed. The purpose of the derrick is to support the drilling tool while it is being raised or lowered into the well, as well as to protect workers from precipitation and wind. There are no heating devices in the derrick. At a distance of 5-10 m from the derrick, a booth is set up for workers to rest and warm up. In Baku, the booths are not heated, and night lighting is now exclusively electric. The main hygienic disadvantages of work in the derrick are as follows: meteorological hazards, insufficient lighting, noise, vibration, general dirtiness and dampness. Due to the absence of heating devices, poor sheathing of the derricks, the meteorological conditions inside the derrick repeat the external air conditions with the difference that even in the absence of wind outside, drafts are observed inside the derrick, while in the presence of wind there is some decrease in it inside the derrick. This phenomenon is aggravated by the fact that the absence of windows in the derrick forces the gates to be kept open almost all the time. Artificial lighting until recently was completely unsatisfactory (no more than 10 lux-data from Baku). The next unfavorable factor is the noise and vibration from the rotary drilling machine. Since the destroyed rock is removed from the well right in the derrick and the tool raised from the bottom also carries a significant amount of dirt, the floor and walls of the derrick are heavily soiled. The presence of these production hazards determines the morbidity of workers in drilling crews. Work practically in the open air causes a significant percentage of respiratory tract diseases. Constant stay in dampness with frequent soaking of the feet leads to polyarthritis, great nervous tension during work, danger of work, noise, vibration lead to functional disorders of the nervous system. The percentage of diseases of the nervous system among workers in the drilling crew is also high. The injury rate among workers in the drilling crew is significantly higher than among other professions employed in the petroleum industry. Workers in drilling crews make up 19% of workers employed in the petroleum industry, but account for 25% of all accidents that occurred in the main productions of the petroleum industry. For technical reasons, accidents are distributed as follows (Baku): installation, repair and maintenance of the derrick-14.2%, drilling-2.1%, lowering and raising of tools-36.3%, lowering and raising of casing pipes-7.4%, catching tools in the well-0.4%, moving weights by reel-5.7%, total-68.3%. The remaining 31.7% fall mainly on manual handling of weights (15.4%) and work with hand tools (9.3%). The main measures to combat accidents in drilling are as follows: complete mechanization of all loading and unloading operations at the derrick and transportation of tools and equipment to the derrick; rationalization of work when lowering and raising tools (keys, elevators, etc.). After drilling is completed, they proceed to the extraction of petroleum, i.e., raising it to the surface of the earth.

There are four types of extraction: flowing, by bailer, by deep pumps, and by compressor. In the case of opening a formation containing a large amount of gas, it bursts to the surface of the earth, carrying oil with it. Bursting from the well under high pressure to a considerable height, petroleum falls back to the ground. In view of the large losses from the loss of volatile hydrocarbons, as well as the colossal danger of fire, from the moment the fountain begins, its capture is started. The work takes place at the mouth of the well, and sometimes on the outer surface of the derrick (strengthening of the sheathing). Inhaling a significant amount of volatile hydrocarbons, apparently in the absence of oxygen, can cause acute professional poisoning. Practical measures when working at fountains: work in isolating respirators, in clothing that does not let petroleum through. The working conditions in other types of extraction are characterized by the sanitary condition of the oil field area, since as a result of mechanization of extraction, the service personnel are mainly engaged in servicing and repairing installations. In the vast majority of cases, work takes place in the open air in the absence of good passages from one well to another, which is especially dangerous and inconvenient in the absence of good lighting of the oil field area. In the absence of petroleum-proof special clothing, there is constant contamination of the skin with petroleum. The increased morbidity of oil field workers, as well as workers in drilling crews, depends mainly on the sanitary-hygienic working conditions: increased morbidity of the respiratory organs, polyarthritis, diseases of the circulatory organs, and significant skin diseases. For a picture of poisoning by petroleum and its derivatives-see Benzine. The injury rate among oil field workers is much lower than among workers in drilling crews (174 per 1,000 workers), with petroleum extraction itself accounting for only 29.2% of accidents in the oil fields. By type of exploitation, the injury rate is distributed as follows: first place-extraction by deep pumps, then by bailer and finally by compressors. Distribution of accidents by type of work for 1929/30 is as follows: A. Exploitation by deep pumps ................... 19.3% a) assembly, disassembly and repair of the machine............ 6.7% b) lubrication of the pumping unit . . . 1.1% c) lowering and raising of pipes of the main pump .............. 8.6% d) servicing of group drive........... 0.6% e) uncoupling and coupling of tugs . . 0.6% f) servicing of the pumping unit ............. 1.4 including - B. Exploitation by bailer . . .

2.0% c) uncoupling and . disentangling of nodes of the tar rope .

2.4% b) -servicing of the compressor .

1.0% c) fountain exploitation . .

0.6% As for accidents that occurred on the territory of the oil fields in general, the largest group here is work with hand tools and simple devices (29.5%) and manual handling of heavy loads (21.4%). Measures to combat injuries on the oil field area, as in drilling, are mechanization and rationalization of work, as well as the transition to central lubrication of all moving mechanisms. Shaft mining of petroleum, which takes place in Germany, represents a completely special type of extraction. The principle of extraction consists in draining the oil stratum with galleries. The petroleum flowing from the walls and ceiling is collected in ditches and wells, from where it is pumped to the surface. From the point of view of labor protection in shaft mining of petroleum, ventilation and organization of fire safety are of particular importance. Ventilation should provide a mixture of air with vapors and gases that is not poisonous, does not explode, and does not ignite. The content of hydrocarbons in the air in German mines is not allowed to exceed 0.2%. Here, only accumulator lighting is permissible. Petroleum Processing. The main hazard in petroleum refining plants is the presence in the air of working premises of vapors and gases of hydrocarbons, either in their pure form or in combination with other gases. The possibility of chronic poisoning is characterized by the following figures: 1) kerosin-receiving departments: hydrocarbons 0.85-6.5 mg, hydrogen sulfide 0.02-0.04 mg per 1 liter of air; 2) oil refining departments: due to the use of strong sulfuric acid for cleaning, a significant amount of sulfur dioxide is released into the air (from 0.06 to 0.54 mg per 1 liter of air). The morbidity of workers is characterized by the following figures according to data from the Baku Institute of Occupational Diseases: diseases of the respiratory tract 71.5%, nervous system 44.5%, diseases of the heart and blood vessels 34.3%, and decreased secretory function of the stomach. Improvement of working conditions in petroleum processing should proceed along the lines of sealing the process and ventilation of production premises. A completely special group, giving a significant number of occupational poisonings, is represented by the work of cleaning equipment and storage facilities, which takes place in oil extraction and petroleum processing. All types of these works are carried out manually on the condition that the worker is inside the installation. Despite preliminary ventilation and cooling of the installation for 24 hours, the temperature in some of the installations reaches 50-60°C with a content of up to 10 mg of hydrocarbons per 1 liter of air. Improvement of these working conditions should proceed through the development of more perfect methods of ventilation and cooling of equipment. As a result of the work of the NKT bodies since the implementation of the industrial financial plan for improving working conditions in the oil industry, the following measures have been carried out. A. On technical safety: 1. Fencing of all moving parts of mechanisms has been implemented both in drilling and during operation, with replacement of the original wooden fences with metal ones. 2. Rules for safe work have been developed. 3. Installations ensuring safe work have been developed and continuously improved (ladders on drilling derricks have been replaced with staircases, platforms have been installed on masts of deep-well pumps, safe reels for unscrewing pipes, shafts for square rods are being constructed, retractable chambers, guide rollers when lifting deep-well pump pipes with tractors, protective nets during construction and dismantling of derricks, swivel heads for deep-well pumps, etc.). B. On industrial sanitation. 1. Sealing of gasoline-kerosin receiving and distillation departments has been carried out. 2. Rules for cleaning equipment of petroleum refineries have been developed. 3. By the construction of dressing rooms, showers, and washrooms at all enterprises of the oil industry, every worker has been provided with the opportunity to observe the basic principles of personal hygiene (cleanliness of the body and change of special clothing) after work. 4. Canteens have been built and are operating at each enterprise, ensuring that all workers can have hot meals before and after work, as well as during breaks. 5. For workers working in harmful conditions, a reduced working day and an additional two-week vacation have been introduced. 6. Standards for artificial lighting for drilling derricks have been developed and are being implemented. Along the line of proper selection of labor force, since 1931, professional selection of labor force has been started in drilling based on medical contraindications, professional profiles developed by the Institute of Oil Safety. For the scientific study of labor protection issues in the oil industry of the USSR, in 1929 the All-Union State Scientific Research Institute for the Study of Hazards and Occupational Hazards in the Oil Industry (Oil Safety) was opened in Baku, which is under the jurisdiction of the NKT of the USSR. The Institute has two departments: 1) technical safety (laboratory of standard fences, industrial psychotechnology, sanitary engineering and statistics) and 2) occupational hygiene (hygiene of labor, physiology of labor, toxicology and physicochemical). Legislation on labor protection for oil workers. In addition to the general legislation for all types of industry, for the oil industry, the NKT of the USSR issued the 'Rules of Safety for Work on Oil and Gas Fields and at Petroleum Refining Plants' on November 29, 1929. The mentioned rules regulate the following provisions: 1) preliminary medical examination of workers employed on oil fields and petroleum refining plants (according to a special list of professions issued by the NKT of the USSR by agreement with the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR, People's Commissariats of Health of the republics and the Central Committee of the Union of Miners of the USSR); 2) sufficient artificial lighting of all places of night work and roads and bridges on the territory of fields and plants; 3) fencing and closure of inactive mines, wells, wells, etc.; 4) possibility of good ventilation of all premises in which gas accumulation is possible; 5) supply of medical means to all places of permanent work where 5 or more people work. Rules for safe work during construction, dismantling and operation of drilling derricks, rules for installation and operation of mechanisms inside drilling derricks detail all necessary measures from the point of view of labor protection during engine installation and their operation for safe work during well drilling and petroleum production, as well as in case of possible accidents. Rules for safe work in artisanal mining of petroleum using shaft-wells regulate the depth of shafts (not more than 100 m) when manually lowering a worker, securing the mouth of the shaft, rules for lowering people, ventilation of the shaft, supervision of the amount of gas in the shaft. Rules for the construction and operation of petroleum refining plants determine the standards for building plants, standards for equipment and their safe operation. Rules for the prevention and extinguishing of fires contain standards for the construction of residential buildings on oil fields and plants, rules for making fire and smoking, rules for preventing the spread of fires (isolation of oil storage facilities), rules for lighting the plant and field area, and necessary measures in case of fires already occurred.