Arzberger's Apparatus

ARZBERGER'S APPARATUS (Arzberger), was proposed for the treatment of hemorrhoids, and subsequently also for the treatment of prostatitis with the aim of applying cold or heat. A. a. consists of a straight metal tube with a pear-shaped enlargement at one end, which is inserted into the rectum. At the other end are attached fork-like diverging tubes - an inlet and outlet, through which water of the desired temperature circulates.

4 # ARCHMANN'S SPRING, see Middle Asian resorts. ARYK, an irrigation canal in Central Asia and neighboring countries. A. is arranged as follows: in the upper reaches of mountain rivers and streams, at their exit onto level ground, head water-retaining structures - dams and dikes - are constructed. From the head devices, A. extend, i.e., open channels dug in the ground. As they move away from the head devices, A. are divided into main channels of the first, second, and subsequent orders, and finally, they pass into small A. that supply water to the plots of land to be irrigated. From A., fields are irrigated either by gravity or by artificial lifting of water with the help of primitive underground devices like a chigir or modern irrigation pumping devices driven by mechanical engines. Head devices that dam up rivers are of two types - modern dams and native dikes, which are built in two kinds: 1) Sipai, large tripods made of logs, fastened at the base by a horizontal frame. The tripods are placed on the river bottom, and the frame is loaded with brushwood, reeds, stone, etc. A row or several rows of such sipai form a dam - a type of dam that dams up the river. 2) Karabura-fascines, i.e., bundles of straw, reeds, with stone inside, up to 8 meters long and up to 2 meters in diameter. Several rows of such fascines are immersed in the river, covered with stone and earth, and form a dam that dams up the river. Native-type dikes are unstable, require constant repair and almost annual renewal after spring floods. A common deficiency of the network is the absence of channels for diverting excess water, which flows into lowlands and often forms extensive swampy areas that serve as breeding grounds for malaria mosquitoes. In modern irrigation systems, these deficiencies are eliminated. Supervision of the use and maintenance of A. is entrusted to aryk elders and foremen. Most irrigation systems in Central Asia were constructed in very ancient times. Some A. carry there a large amount of water, irrigating vast areas of land. The most important significance belongs to the Naryn and Kara-darya rivers. From the Naryn River, up to 13 A. flow out, from the Kara-darya - 50 A. The largest of them, Sharikhan-Say, has a length of over 100 km and carries up to 70 cubic meters of water per second. The Boe-Su, irrigating the city of Tashkent and its vicinity, carries up to 70 cubic meters of water per second. - Aryk water carries a large amount of suspended mineral particles - products of destruction of rocks, which represent good fertilizer for irrigated fields. The largest amount of water in A. is received in the summer during the period of most intensive melting of the eternal snows of the Tien Shan and Pamir-Altai systems, coinciding with the greatest consumption of irrigation water. The amount of land irrigated in Central Asia (territory of former Turkestan) amounts to over 5 million hectares. Besides the purpose of irrigating agricultural lands, A. are partially used for obtaining energy for mills, oil mills, lifting water, etc., and for water supply of populated places, where A. in most cases are the only source of water supply. Water use is done by very primitive methods - scooping water from the aryk flowing through the yard. All wastewater from populated places gets into A. No measures are taken by residents to protect against pollution, and therefore the said method of water use from A. is dangerous from a sanitary point of view. Proper arrangement of water supply for a populated place from A. is quite possible. An example can be the project of a water supply for the city of Tashkent from the Boe-Su aryk: the water intake is planned above the city, behind the dam of the under-construction power plant. Before being supplied to the city, the water will undergo settling and filtration. Chemical-bacteriological studies of the water of the Boe-Su aryk showed the complete possibility of obtaining, after settling and filtration, water quite suitable for the water supply of the city.