Guildemeister and Hilus

GILDEMEISTER, Eugen (born 1878), a well-known German bacteriologist, professor, head of the epidemic department of the State Institute for Health Administration (Reichsgesundheitsamt) in Berlin, editor of the journal Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, secretary of the International Society of Bacteriologists, and a student of Wernicke and Uhlenhuth. He is known for his work mainly in the field of bacterial variability, the etiology of herpes, and smallpox. With his assistance, Barthlein began his well-known work on bacterial variability. He was the first to describe the phenomenon of the formation of variable colony forms by certain bacteria (Flatterformen), depending, as was later clarified by d'Herelle, on the development of bacteriophage in the culture. A summary of work on the etiology and pathogenesis of smallpox was given by Gildemeister in the smallpox control manual by Lentz and Gins (Handbuch der Pockenbekämpfung und Impfung, hrsg. von O. Lentz u. H. Gins, B., 1927), in the chapters on "etiological research" and "experimental smallpox diagnostics." His numerous studies in microbiology are distinguished by the particular precision characteristic of workers of Uhlenhuth's school. HILUS (Latin hilus, the same as porta—gate), that part of an organ which anatomically or physiologically connects it to the organism by means of the blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and excretory ducts passing through it. In organs located in closed cavities (thoracic and abdominal) lined with a serous membrane, the latter does not cover a certain part of the organ, lying as a rule on the side opposite to its convex surface; the space free from the serous covering in the cross-section of the attachment (root) of the organ is the hilus. In the lungs, the hila are located on the mediastinal surface, and through them pass the bronchi, blood and lymph vessels with lymph nodes, and nerves. Here, the bronchi are located posterior to the blood vessels, and the pulmonary arteries are above the pulmonary veins. In the spleen, the hilus is located on its inner surface, between the gastric and renal facets, and contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. In the kidneys, the hilus is located along the concave medial part and is bounded here by the ventral and dorsal lips of the renal substance, of which the posterior is much wider and more strongly protruded than the anterior; consequently, the hilus faces more or less anteriorly (for varieties, see Kidneys). In the ovary, the hilus is enclosed in the straight border (margo mesovaricus) opposite the free border (margo liber). It is demarcated by the so-called boundary strip of the peritoneum—margo limitans peritonaei (Waldeyer's). Vessels and nerves enclosed in loose connective tissue pass through the ovary hilus. In the adrenal glands, the hilus is located on the posterior surface. In lymph nodes, the existence of a hilus can also always be demonstrated, although it is not expressed equally clearly in various cases. At the site of the lymph node hilus, the capsule is somewhat thickened, since part of the capsular trabeculae attaches to its stroma; efferent lymphatic pathways (vasa efferentia) emerge through the lymph node hilus, and vessels and nerves enter and exit.

Barthlein began his well-known work on bacterial variability. He was the first to describe the phenomenon of the formation of variable colony forms by certain bacteria (Flatterformen), depending, as was later clarified by d'Herelle, on the development of bacteriophage in the culture. A summary of work on the etiology and pathogenesis of smallpox was given by Gildemeister in the smallpox control manual by Lentz and Gins (Handbuch der Pockenbekämpfung und Impfung, hrsg. von O. Lentz u. H. Gins, B., 1927), in the chapters on "etiological research" and "experimental smallpox diagnostics." His numerous studies in microbiology are distinguished by the particular precision characteristic of workers of Uhlenhuth's school. HILUS (Latin hilus, the same as porta—gate), that part of an organ which anatomically or physiologically connects it to the organism by means of the blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and excretory ducts passing through it. In organs located in closed cavities (thoracic and abdominal) lined with a serous membrane, the latter does not cover a certain part of the organ, lying as a rule on the side opposite to its convex surface; the space free from the serous covering in the cross-section of the attachment (root) of the organ is the hilus. In the lungs, the hila are located on the mediastinal surface, and through them pass the bronchi, blood and lymph vessels with lymph nodes, and nerves. Here, the bronchi are located posterior to the blood vessels, and the pulmonary arteries are above the pulmonary veins. In the spleen, the hilus is located on its inner surface, between the gastric and renal facets, and contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. In the kidneys, the hilus is located along the concave medial part and is bounded here by the ventral and dorsal lips of the renal substance, of which the posterior is much wider and more strongly protruded than the anterior; consequently, the hilus faces more or less anteriorly (for varieties, see Kidneys). In the ovary, the hilus is enclosed in the straight border (margo mesovaricus) opposite the free border (margo liber). It is demarcated by the so-called boundary strip of the peritoneum—margo limitans peritonaei (Waldeyer's). Vessels and nerves enclosed in loose connective tissue pass through the ovary hilus. In the adrenal glands, the hilus is located on the posterior surface. In lymph nodes, the existence of a hilus can also always be demonstrated, although it is not expressed equally clearly in various cases. At the site of the lymph node hilus, the capsule is somewhat thickened, since part of the capsular trabeculae attaches to its stroma; efferent lymphatic pathways (vasa efferentia) emerge through the lymph node hilus, and vessels and nerves enter and exit.