Mud Treatment Areas

MUD TREATMENT AREAS. Deposits of mud in the USSR - In the USSR, therapeutic mud deposits are extremely abundant, lying at the bottom of lakes connected to seas, mainly the Black, Azov, and Caspian, or formed by mineral springs or atmospheric precipitates that leach saline soil. In Crimea alone, together with the adjacent part of the Novorossiysk steppe, there are 200 salt lakes. In the Arkhangelsk province, there are more than 700 of them (Shcherbakov). Between the Caspian Sea and the mouth of the Ural River, their number reaches 2,000, and in Western Siberia there are about 8,000 lakes, some of which contain mud. The origin of these lakes varies: 1. "Continental" lakes were formed due to the exposure of the seabed, which now constitutes dry land, where sea water remaining in closed troughs became more concentrated through evaporation; concentration was further increased by mineral particles brought by atmospheric water. As the evaporation of the remaining water in the basins increased, the concentration of water in the lakes also increased. This is how most of the Volga-Caspian basin lakes were formed. 2. "Barrier" lakes are still to some extent connected to the sea or have recently separated from it and are called "limans" (from Greek limen - bay, harbor). Coastal and estuary currents, meeting the calm waters of the bay, lost their speed and deposited all the solid material they carried right at the point of this collision. Initially, a sandbar formed here, which then turned into long spits, which, joining together, formed a continuous barrier - "spit". As long as the spit barely protruded above the water, the sea could communicate directly with the liman during strong storms, but later the spit increased, and direct communication between the liman and the sea ceased. The feeding of the liman from the sea occurs in individual cases only through seepage through the spit. When it reaches this stage of development, the liman begins to dry up; its water, concentrating, turns into "brine" and in hot summer can give a salt precipitate. 3. In the formation of "spring" lakes, underground strata of rock salt, belonging to more remote geological epochs preceding the formation of Caspian deposits of the Tertiary and recent periods, play the main role. These salts are brought to the surface by springs from the Jurassic and Carboniferous formations. Lakes at sulfur springs, sometimes containing deposits of therapeutic mud, are also classified as spring lakes. Geographical distribution of therapeutic muds. All mud deposits in the European part of the USSR can be divided into two main groups, the boundary of which can be attributed to the 50th degree of north latitude, running from west to east through the Kyiv district, Kharkov, and the Kalmyk and Kirghiz steppes. South of this line will remain the Black Sea-Azov and Caspian regions, distinguished by the abundance of therapeutic mud deposits, and north of it - the middle and northern belt of the USSR, where isolated mud pits are occasionally found, mostly not connected to each other and of completely different origins. Approximately along the same line, the boundary will also run in the Asian part of the USSR between the mud lakes of Siberia and the Far East north of 50° N latitude and Central Asia to the south. Thus, all mud treatment areas of the USSR can be divided into four large zones, of which those rich in therapeutic mud can be further divided into groups and subgroups. I. Mud deposits of the southern USSR (southern zone). A. Ukrainian group: a) Odessa subgroup: Kuyalnik liman, Khadzhibey liman with Kholodnaya Balka, Klein-Liebenthal liman, Tiligul liman, which has no mud treatment facility but is used for mud therapy by the local population, and limans of the Great Berizinsky with bays (Sasyk and Beykush), Small and Large Adzhalyk, Sychevsky, Karabashsky, Tuzlinsky and some smaller ones. All these are lakes of the barrier type, b) Kherson subgroup: Alekseevskoye Lake near the city of Alekseevka, Golopristanskoye (Gopri) near the village of Golaya Pristan, mud lakes in the village of Yagartsky Kut and in the village of Grigoryevka, marine muds in Port-Scadovsk. c) Azov (Berdyan-Nogai) subgroup: Nogai lakes. Therapeutic liman and Salt Lake and Berdyansky, forming two groups: one with Red Lake in the center, used for mud therapy, and another, not yet exploited, headed by the Great Liman. All lakes of this subgroup are of the barrier type and are connected to the Azov Sea. d) Slavyano-Bakhmutskaya subgroup. The salt lakes of this subgroup are of spring origin. They are fed from rock salt strata lying in the Bakhmut-Slavyansk basin. Slavyansk lakes - Veysovo, Repnoye and Slepnoye and drilled salt wells near the city of Bakhmut, in which healing mud is deposited. B. Crimean group: a) Yevpatoriya subgroup: Saki Lake, Maynaki Lake, Sasyk-Sivash, Kizil-Yar and little-known lakes Bakalskoye, Dzharylgach, Sasyk, Kiyachak, Donuzlov. b) Sevastopol subgroup: several small mud-bearing barrier lakes at Pesochaya, Kruglaya and Kazachya bays of Sevastopol Bay and mud-bearing Balaklava Bay. c) Perekop subgroup: Great Sivash, whose muds are used in Henichesk, and lakes Henicheskoye, Krasnoye, Krugloye, Kyatskoye, Kerleut, Kyryk and Aygul. Despite their immediate proximity to the Black and Azov Seas, these lakes are classified by geologists as continental. d) Kerch-Feodosiya subgroup, including both salt lakes and so-called "salzes", or mud cones (blowouts). Chokrakovskoye (military-sanitary station), Churubashskoye, Tobechinskoye and El'kovskoye lakes of the barrier type and Bulganak mud cones. Chokrak and Bulganak muds are used in Kerch mud treatment facilities. C. Kuban-Caucasian group: a) Kuban subgroup: numerous salt lakes and salzes, of which the most famous are Golubitskoye Lake, Tuzlyanskiye lakes, Bugaz estuarine lake, mud volcanoes Gnilaya Gora and Akhtanizovskie cones, a group of Primorsko-Akhtar lakes, Khan Lake on the shore of the Azov Sea, continental lakes - Large and Small Ubezhenskiye. The mud of Khan Lake is used in the Yeysk resort. b) Novorossiysk subgroup: Sudzhukskaya lagoon near Novorossiysk and Chumburskoye Lake with a mud treatment facility near Anapa. c) Don subgroup: Manych lakes headed by the Great Liman (Gudila), Grusko Lake with Manych-Grus mud treatment facility (Vagnerovskaya station) and a mud cone near Sadkovka with a sulfur spring. d) North Caucasus subgroup consists of basin and spring lakes. The most popular of them is Tambukanskoye Lake, which supplies its mud to the resorts of Caucasian mineral waters, consists of two parts separated by an isthmus: Large Tambukan and Small Tambukan. Both are fed by underground springs. Lysohorskiye lakes, not used for mud therapy and drying up in summer, at the foot of Mashuk. Large and Small Batalpashinsky bitter-salt lakes. e) Dagestan subgroup: Petrovsky muds of a barrier salt lake near Makhachkala and muds of warm sulfur springs in Karakaitakh, Gilyar and Miatly. f) Transcaucasian subgroup: Salyan mud cones in Azerbaijan, Akhtala cones in Georgia and salt-sulfur muds: Tsarskie kolodtsy (Tsar's Wells) and Chokiana in Georgia. D. Volga-Caspian group, including numerous basin lakes. The most famous are Tinakskoye Lake, one of the oldest mud treatment resorts in the USSR, Elton Lake with a mud treatment facility of the Ryazan-Ural Transport Department of Health, Baskunchakskoye Lake and the saline swamp Khaki. E. Ural group. Of the numerous lakes in this group, only one of the Iletsk salt lakes near Iletsk (Iletskaya Zashchita) and Tuzluchnoye Lake, formed artificially due to many years of pumping water from the saline "break" fed by underground rock salt strata, are used for mud therapy. F. Peat muds in Lipetsk of Tambov province. II. Mud deposits of the middle and northern belt of the European part of the USSR (northern zone). The most popular here are Starorusskiye muds in the resort of Staraya Russa of Novgorod province, owed their origin to salt springs, Sernovodkiye (Sergievsky) muds of sulfur springs in Sergievsk of Buguruslan district of Samara province. Local significance have Stolypinsky muds in Nikolaevsky district of Samara province, Krainskiye muds near the city of Likhin of Kaluga province and muds in Soltsy of Pskov province and in Varnitsy of Novgorod district. Deposits of silt mud are found in the village of Shcherbakovka near Kazan, in the village of Nikolayevskoye of Kirillovsky district of Novgorod province, in Cheremushki, near Shenkursk of Arkhangelsk province and in Sadkova Bay near the Solovetsky Monastery. In Sestroretsk, dense mud dug from the bed of the Sestra River is used for mud therapy. Sulfur-peat muds in Varziyatki of Votskaya province and iron-peat muds in Kashin of Tver province. III. Mud deposits of Siberia. A.

Western Siberia. Of the numerous lakes here, the most well-known are: a) Ishim subgroup: Medvezhye (Bear) Lakes in the Ural region, b) Borovo district subgroup in Eastern Kirgizia: Balpash, Bazar-bay-Sor, and Dzhenbek-Sor lakes in Kokchetav district, c) Irtysh subgroup: Karyer (Chertova Yama - Devil's Pit) near Omsk, Gorchiny and Sor in Semipalatinsk district, and Lebyazhye (Swan) Lake near Rubtsovka station on the Altai Railway, d) Baraba subgroup: the most popular mud resort in Siberia - Karachi in Tatar district of Omsk province, and Gor'koye (Chistoozernoye - Bitter/Clear Lake) and Selitryanoye (Saltpeter) lakes in Kainsk district of Tomsk province, e) Yenisei subgroup: Lake Shu-net, whose muds are transported for mud treatment to the neighboring resort of Shira, and the freshwater Lake Ingol with its distinctive yellowish-gray mud that whitens in the sun like chalk. Both are in Achinsk district. Eastern Siberia. It is relatively poor in deposits of therapeutic mud: Lake Ugdan near Chita and Sadgorod mud bath in Uglovaya (Ugolnaya) Bay of the Amur Gulf near Vladivostok. IV. Mud deposits of the Central Asian part of the USSR. A. Turkmenistan group: lakes-Bulak (Krasnoye - Red), Beloye (White), Kuli, Molla-Kara, Sary-Kamysh, Solenoye (Salty), Chikishlyar muds, Shor-Auliye, Yazy-Kul. B. Uzbekistan group: a) Syr-Darya subgroup: Aryk-Bulak, Dzhuvan-Kul, Dzhusaly, Kub-Shul (Kazalinsk muds), Kara-Kul (Tashkent district), Kara-Kul (Chimkent district), Kukun, Tuz-Kul, Teresken (Yany-Kurgan). b) Semirechye subgroup: Issyk-Kul, Karkara (Soleny Rechka - Salty River), c) Samarkand-Fergana subgroup: Tuz-Kane, Aksiken (notable for its high radioactivity), Bakhmal. Of all Central Asian lakes, the most popular are: Aksiken, Molla-Kara (mud bath), Teresken, Tuz-Kane, and Kuli. Chikishlyar muds are exported for mud treatment to Krasnovodsk. In addition to lake muds, there are also spring muds: Ayak-Kalkanskiye (salty) and Barlyko-Arasanskiye (sulfate-calcium). Lit.- see lit. for articles Mud Baths, Mud Therapy and Muds.