Pharmaceutical Industry

PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY, a branch of the economy uniting the production of medicinal preparations and therapeutic-prophylactic agents. The pharmaceutical industry includes the production of: 1) chemical-pharmaceutical preparations obtained by chemical synthesis and chemical technology methods, having predominantly medicinal or hygienic significance; 2) galenical preparations (see), obtained by mechanical or simple chemical processing of raw materials, predominantly of plant origin; 3) organotherapeutic preparations (see Organopreparations). Sera and vaccines, dietary products, and reagents are sometimes also classified under the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmaceutical industry achieved its greatest development in Germany, which before the world war was the main supplier of medicinal preparations. The imperialist war and the incessant economic and tariff struggle led to the development of the pharmaceutical industry in a number of other countries. Total worldwide production of the pharmaceutical industry is tentatively estimated (1934) at 1.5 billion gold rubles and is distributed among the major countries as follows (approximately): USA - 400 million rubles, Germany - 175 million rubles, England - 130 million rubles, France - 110-120 million rubles, Japan - 90 million rubles, Italy - 30 million rubles, Czechoslovakia - 10 million rubles. The few pharmaceutical plants and laboratories that existed in pre-revolutionary Russia were engaged mainly in the production of galenical preparations (extracts, tinctures, ointments, plasters, solutions, etc.), household-hygienic products, perfumery-cosmetic goods, etc. Certain chemical preparations were manufactured in negligible quantities. The import of medicines accounted for 55% of total consumption, reaching 67.5% for inorganic preparations, 81% for organic ones, and 100% for alkaloids and glycosides. Not only chemicals but also all kinds of galenical preparations, often manufactured abroad from our own raw materials, were imported from abroad. During the war of 1914–17, attempts were made to establish the production of opium alkaloids, salicylic preparations, and some others, but with insignificant results compared to the present time, as can be seen from the following table (quantity of manufactured preparations): Name 1916 (in kg) 1923 (in kg) 1933 (in kg) Sodium salicylate ... 964 200 1700 Opium alkaloids .... 130 167 810 106 638 3 580 Only after the October Revolution did the pharmaceutical industry receive its real development. Of the several dozen plants, the most powerful ones were retained. The character of production in them is gradually changing. The production of household, cosmetic, and later also galenical preparations, which are transferred to the respective associations, is being phased out, and the most complex productions based on organic synthesis and chemical technology are being established. All plants of this kind are concentrated in the All-Union Association of the Chemical-Pharmaceutical Industry - VOKHIMFARM, within the system of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry. The total production volume of the VOKHIMFARM plants reaches 60 million rubles (constant prices of 1926/27). Personnel: 5.5 thousand people. VOKHIMFARM unites the following plants: 1) Salicylic Plant, Moscow; produces mainly salicylic preparations and some reagents. Personnel (1934) - 334 people, fixed capital - 1.5 million rubles, output (1933) - 592 tons valued at 5.3 million rubles. 2) Karpov Plant, Moscow; produces a number of inorganic preparations and salts, organic arsenic preparations (salvarsan), techno-chemical goods, many reagents, and others. Personnel - 983 people. Fixed capital - 5.2 million rubles. Output - 3,621 tons valued at 11.5 million rubles. 3) Semashko Plant, Moscow; produces plasmocid, hydrogen peroxide, chloroform, novogalenical preparations, and many others. Personnel - 716 people, fixed capital - 2.6 million rubles. Output - 1,562 tons valued at 11 million rubles. 4) Alkaloid Plant, Moscow; produces alkaloids and their salts, novocain, and reagents. Personnel - 304 people. Fixed capital - 1.4 million rubles. Output - 75 tons valued at 3.7 million rubles. 5) Pharmacon Plant, Leningrad; produces silver preparations, endocrine preparations, phenacetin, and many others. Personnel - 399 people, fixed capital - 1.8 million rubles. Output - 4.1 million rubles. 6) Dzerzhinsky Plant, Chimkent; produces santonin, opium alkaloids, anabazine, and others. Personnel - 397 people. Fixed capital - 2.5 million rubles. Output - 637 tons valued at 1.7 million rubles. In addition, this association includes 6 iodine-bromine plants, a dressings factory, and the Scientific Research Chemical-Pharmaceutical Institute. The successes of the pharmaceutical industry during the Soviet period are expressed both in the complete reconstruction and re-equipment of old plants, the construction of new workshops and new plants, and mainly in the mastering of new types of Soviet raw materials (iodine - 80 tons from drill waters and 10 tons from algae, bromine, new types of medicinal plants) and the establishment of the production of new chemical medicines that were previously imported. During the period 1925–28, the production of the following preparations was organized at the VOKHIMFARM plants: aspirin, antifebrin, atropine, adonilen, potassium bromide, sodium bromide, bioquinol, heroin, hytalen, hyoscyamine, dionin, diginorm, codeine, cocaine hydrochloride (from raw cocaine), lecithin, morphine, magnesium salicylate, osarsol, pantopon, pancreatin, mercury salts, novarsenol, salipyrin, salit, tanismut, phytin, ferratin, and others. During the period 1929–34, the production of the following preparations was established: albargin, ammonium bromide, anesthesin, apomorphine, atoxyl, atophan, asthmolysin, bismuverol, benzoic acid, benzonaphthol, bromural, bromferron, validol, veronal, bismuth salts, gallic acid, guaiacol and its derivatives, glycerophosphates, diuretin, iodoform, iodine, iodognost, insulin, lactic acid, arsenous acid, phosphoric acid, collargol, lipocerebrin, lobeline, luminal, calcined magnesia, naganin, novocain, papaverine, Plantago paste, pepsin, peptone, plasmocid, protargol, rivanol, secalin, sergosin, stypticin, tannoform, thymophysin, urotropin, hypozol, chloroform, euchinine, phenacetin, frangulen, and others. At the present time, the production of major preparations such as acrichin, caffeine, perhydrol, decholin, and others is being prepared. Approximately 50% of the entire output of the pharmaceutical industry is concentrated in the VOKHIMFARM plants. The total output of this association (formerly Gosmedtorgprom) in 1924/25 was 10.5 million rubles (in pre-war rubles), in 1930 - 46.4 million rubles (in 1926/27 prices), and in 1933 - 60 million rubles. Capital investments were: in 1923/24 - 86 thousand rubles, in 1924/25 - 506 thousand rubles, in 1926/27 - 1,138 thousand rubles, in 1927/28 - 1,634 thousand rubles, in 1928/29 - 2,459 thousand rubles, in 1930 - 4,805 thousand rubles, in 1933 - 11,269 thousand rubles. The number of workers in 1923 was 900 people at 5 plants, and by 1934 this figure rose to 5,600, including about 1,000 engineering and technical workers (including institutes). To develop methods for the production of new preparations and all general scientific issues put forward by the pharmaceutical industry, the Scientific Research Chemical-Pharmaceutical Institute was organized in 1920. From a small laboratory attached to the pharmacy of the former Ferrein, housing about a dozen workers, it gradually developed, in connection with the development of industry and the economic growth of the country, into a huge institute with a whole series of laboratories and a number of scientific workers exceeding 100 people. At the present time, it has the following departments and laboratories: 1) synthetic departments dealing with the discovery of pharmacologically active substances through chemical synthesis; 2) pharmacological and biochemical laboratories studying the pharmacodynamics of raw materials...

Pharm., Shchelkovo Aniline Plant, «Krasnaya Zvezda» (Kharkov) chemical plants and the trust, Castor oil Soyuzrasmaslo Snabsbyt Castor oil Sem. (in capsules) . . Galen (Moscow) Antifebrin .... Karp. Glauber's salt Antifirmin.... Sem. dry (in powders) Alum in sticks Promkooperat︠s︡ii Karp. White clay sterilized . . Karp. Burnt alum. . Karp. Pure alum . . Bondyuzhsky Karp. Plant named after Khitov (Kazan) and others. Karp. Plant named after «Udarnik» (Rostov-on-Don) chemical plants Atropine sulfate . . Alk. Glycerophosphate . . Sem. Alk. Glycerophosphates: Calcium, iron Oxygen ..... Plants of VAT Bacteriological paints . . . Alk. Karp. Pharm. plant named after the 1st of May (Minsk), Barium salts Sem. (sulfate for x-ray, nitrate, carbonate, chloride) Alk. Karp. Chemical Combine «Zarya Revolyutsii» (Rostov-on-Don) Mustard plasters . . . Pharm. Plodoovoshch Mustard-essential Chimk., Alk. Rasmaslosbyt Cocaine hydrochloride Bitter almond oil Alk. Benzine medicine «Iskusstvennoe Volokno» Soyuzneftetorg Chimk. benzoic . . . Karp. Benzoic acid Promkooperat︠s︡ii Forest chemistry, Plodoovoshch Caffeine-sodium Karp. Caffeine-sodium salicylate . . . Karp. Benzonsaphtol .... Sal. Potato starch Starch and syrup trust plants Potassium chlorate . Bstanaphtol .... - Galen (Moscow) Karp. Phenolic plant (st. Fenolnaya, Donbass). Trust «Koks» Bismuverol .... Karp. Sem. Boric acid .... Buysk chemical plant, «Krasnyi khimik» (Leningrad) Karp. Dichloramine .... Karp. Caustic potash . . . Karp. Sea kale . . Alk. Morphine technical . Chimk. Buckthorn (extract in tablets) . . Sem. Licorice extract . . Chimk. Bromine (technical; Saksky chemical plant Iron albuminate . . Karp. Karp. Bromine salts (ammonium, potassium, sodium, lithium, strontium) . . . . Karp. Pharm. Sem. Iron lactic . . . Karp. Karp. Pharm. Sem. Iron ferrous sulfide St. Fenolic plant (st. Fenolnaya, Donbass) Karp. Bromnamphora . . . Karp. Iron sulfate ferrous Karp. Bromferron .... Karp. Iron carbonate with sugar .... Karp. Karp. Borax medicinal . Buysk chemical plant, 1 Iron chloride (crystalline and in solution) . . Karp. APU, Rostov chemical plant (Moscow) Karp. Sem. Vaseline oil medical . . . Rostovkinsky chemical plant, Soyuzneftetorg Sem. Ally, Pharm. Karp. Sem. Soyuzslanetc Karp. 54» Preparation Plant Preparation Plant Preparation Plant 1 Plant Magnesium sulfate . . Plant named after Lomonosov (Kiev) Tannin medicinal and technical . . . - Mercury amidochloride Karp. Tarumin (brewer's yeast in tablets) . Karp. Potassium permanganate Karp. Mercury diiodide Karp. Ukr.endocrinological institute, brewing plants Mercury bichloride . Karp. Karp. Copper aluminate . . Karp. Karp. Copper citrate . . . Karp. Mercury yellow Karp. Copper sulfate . . Karp. Mercury iodide . . Karp. Chimk. Pure chalk .... Plant «Krasnyi khimik» (Novobelitsa) Mercury metallic Nikitovsky mercury combine (Soyuzredmet) Terpin hydrate . . Karp. Galen Trichloroethane Plant named after Lomonosov (Kiev) Sal. Methylene blue Alk. Karp. Mercury oxycyanide . Sem. Sem. Trichloro-tert-butyl alcohol Sem. Almond bran . . . Promkooperat︠s︡ii, APU Mercury chloride . Karp. Mercury cyanide . Karp. Trichloroacetic acid Karp. Lactic acid . . . Karp. Fish oil ..... Glavryba Carbon dioxide . . . Plants of mineral waters of local supply Milk sugar . . . Karp. Sayodin ...... Sem. Salicylic acid pure ...... Sal., Rubezhansky plant of Aniline trust Activated charcoal medical . Sal. Galen Chimk. Wood vinegar . . Promkooperat︠s︡ii of Forest chemistry trust Formic acid . . Kineshma plant of Aniline trust Salicylic acid technical . . . Salicylic mercury Karp. Acetic acid . . . «Acetomethyl» Urotropin .... Karp. Salicylic methyl and ethyl . . . Sal. Urotropin, solution in ampoules Karp. Salicylic sodium . Sem. Phenacetin .... Pharm. Karp. Sal. Phenolphthalein . . Alk. Alk. Sem. Karp. Sodium citrate . «Krasnaya Zvezda» Filicilen .... Karp. Karp. Sal. Vakovsky Sodium arsenate . Karp. Lead acetic . . . Karp. Sodium acetic . . . Karp. Rochelle salt . . . Karp. Khimlesprom, Kuskovsky plant of plastics Sodium phosphoric . Karp. Sekalen (liquid and in ampoules) . . Sem. Sodium chloride . . Voykovsky, Dontorovsky, Berezniki chemical plants and others Phosphoric acid . . Chernorechensky chemical plant Karp. Sal. Azkhim (Baku) Frangulen .... Sem. Naphthalisol . . . Karp. Sulfuric acid technical . Chernorechensky, gas plants and others Quinine salts . . . Alk. Galen Chernorechensky, Berezniki chemical plants, etc. Ammonia spirit . . Stalinsky nitrogen plant, Chernorechensky, gas plants and others Chloral hydrate . . Plant named after Lomonosov (Kiev) Novarsenol .... Karp. Zinc chloride . . . Konstantinovsky, Novobelitsky, Plesetsky and other chem. plants Oksiviridol . . . Sem. Bleaching powder . Ugreshsky, Novobelitsky, Bondyuzhsky and others Chlorform ..... Sem., plant named after Lomonosov (Kiev) Pancreatin .... Pharm., Endocrin. Soda bicarbonate . Donetsk soda and Berezniki chemical plants Chlorform narcosis . Alk. Sem., plant named after Lomonosov (Kiev) Fern extract . . . Karp. Soda crystalline pure Karp. Slime of Plantago Sem. Pepsin with sugar . Pharm. Hydrochloric acid technical . . . Polevsky, Voykovsky and other chem. plants Chlorotoningalyapt Sem. Hydrogen peroxide 3%-nd . . . Sem. Rostovkinsky chemical plant Chromic acid . . . Karp. Peach oil ..... «Zarya revolyutsii» (Moscow) Hydrochloric acid pure . . . . . . . Sv., «Krasnyi khimik» (Leningrad) Pertussin .... Pharm., «Krasnaya Zvezda» (Kharkov) Pine powder . . . Pharm. Pyrogallol acid . . Karp. Pyramidon .... Pharm., «Krasnaya Zvezda» Plasmocid .... Sem. Chimk., Sem. Zinc sulfate . . . Karp. Zinc oxide . . . . Lakokraska Plastry, mercury and others . . Pharm. Santonica seed . . Chimk. Potassium pure . . . Karp. Oxalic acid . . . . Karp. Talc white . . . Talc plant Mineral Narcosis ether . . Karp. Petroleum ether . . Karp. Sulfuric ether . . «Iskusstvennoe Volokno» Pharm. Karp. Acetic-ethyl ether Pharm. Karp. Karp. 541 of new preparations, development of issues of biological standardization of medicinal substances and elaboration of methods for manufacturing enzyme products and new galenical preparations; 3) alkaloid department, dealing with the study of the alkaloid flora of the Union; 4) analytical department, developing the methodology for determining medicinal substances; 5) chemotherapeutic department, developing theoretical questions of chemotherapy and testing chemical compounds obtained in the institute for chemotherapeutic action; 6) physical chemistry laboratory, developing electrochemical methods for obtaining medicinal preparations. During its existence, the Institute has published about 500 scientific papers. Since 1930, the Institute has published a bulletin, subsequently reorganized into the journal «Chemical-Pharmaceutical Industry». In addition to those mentioned, a number of plants and laboratories are under the jurisdiction of local pharmacy departments. The main ones are: 1) Plant «Krasnaya Zvezda» in Kharkov; produces photochemicals and other preparations. Capital stock - 508 thousand rubles. Output - 15 million rubles. 2) Plant named after Lomonosov in Kiev; produces chloral hydrate, chloroform, menthol, etc. Output - 481 thousand rubles. 3) Iodine-agar plant in Odessa. 4) Tiflis Plant, producing barium salts, galenical preparations. 5) Pharmaceutical plant named after the 8th of March, of the Moscow pharmacy department; produces galenical preparations. Personnel - 400 people. Capital stock - 1.5 million rubles. 6) Plant of medical supplies of the Leningrad Medical Supply Trust; produces galenical preparations and a number of chemical preparations. Personnel - 400 people. Capital stock - 705 thousand rubles. 7) Plant «Zdorov'e trudyashchikhsya» in Kharkov. Production of 3.2 million rubles. 8) Plant «Zarya revolyutsii» of the North Caucasian pharmacy department. 9) Plant named after Sverdlov in Kiev. 10) Plant of Uralmedtorg. 11) Plant of Belmedtorg and others. — A total of 12 pharmaceutical plants and about 40 galenical laboratories are under the jurisdiction of the pharmacy departments, engaged mainly in the production of galenical preparations. Along with the pharmaceutical industry, which is the main supplier of medicaments for pharmacies and medical-sanitary institutions, the production of medicinal agents is carried on by a number of the most diverse branches of the national economy. Used as medicinal agents are preparations manufactured at enterprises having another main intended purpose (non-medicinal), for example, Glauber's salt, Epsom salt, sodium bicarbonate, borax, boric acid, inorganic acids, etc. (basic chemical industry), ammonia spirit, creolin, black carbolic acid, lysol, etc.

(coke chemistry), turpentine, formalin, acetic acid, acetone, methyl alcohol, camphor (wood chemistry), fish oil (fish industry), glycerin (soap-boiling industry), castor oil, sesame oil, and other vegetable oils (oil-milling industry), vaseline, vaseline oil, naphthalene, paraffin (petroleum industry), ichthyol, albichtol (shale industry), etc. Agriculture plays a significant role in meeting the healthcare demand for medications by supplying medicinal plants, animal fats, endocrine raw materials, etc. The Main Pharmaceutical Administration (GAPU) under the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR plans the production of local galenical and pharmaceutical plants and laboratories belonging to regional and territorial pharmaceutical administrations. The total production volume of these laboratories is about 30 million rubles. Under the direct jurisdiction of the Main Pharmaceutical Administration is the endocrine preparations factory in Moscow with a production volume amounting to about 3 million rubles, and the laboratory of contraceptives with a production volume of 1.2 million rubles. The total value of medications consumed in the USSR is about 130 million rubles in 1926/27 prices, which yields an annual per capita consumption of about 80 kopecks (1933). Imports account for only about 1% of consumption. With the development of the pharmaceutical industry, particularly chemical medicinal preparations, the export of pharmaceutical products has developed, reaching 3-4% of production.

I. Levishtein.