Sanitation (At the present time, this term encompasses a)

SANITATION. At the present time, this term encompasses a vast field of practical applications of relevant hygiene requirements to life, aimed at improving the health of both the individual and the entire social collective (see Hygiene). The science of hygiene, while developing the theoretical justifications for its requirements and creating its hygienic norms and proposals, strives to give the latter a concrete expression in the form of a series of practical steps. These include: a) sanitary legislation, which formalizes hygienic requirements and norms in the form of a law, mandatory for compliance under the threat of specific punitive sanctions; b) sanitary measures of a technical and other material nature for serving the population with appropriate sanitary assistance (installation of water supply, municipal sewage, general improvement of populated areas, construction of healthy dwellings and other buildings and structures of a public nature, bath and laundry services, etc.); c) sanitary supervision, i.e., the organization of such a system of constant control over the fulfillment of both general rules of hygiene and sanitary legislation, which would yield the greatest effectiveness in this area; d) sanitary education. To carry out all the indicated practical tasks (sanitary legislation, sanitary measures, sanitary supervision, and sanitary education), special bodies (sanitary bodies) are created, responsible for this both on the scale of an individual enterprise, a separate territory, or a separate branch of sanitary work, and depending on their necessary sanitary qualification (sanitary physician of an enterprise, district sanitary physician, regional and provincial sanitary physician, sanitary physician for food, housing-sanitary, and other areas of sanitary supervision, assistant sanitary physician, sanitary inspector, and other sanitary personnel). Sanitary institutions include a number of auxiliary facilities where, with the help of necessary equipment, apparatus, instruments, and tools, appropriate sanitary research and analyses are conducted or necessary sanitary assistance is provided (sanitary laboratories and institutes, sanitary stations, disinfection institutions, isolation, transit, and vaccination points, houses of sanitary education, etc.). In a broader sense, the term sanitary institutions also refers to certain enterprises of a public-communal nature (baths, swimming pools, laundries, barbershops, various sewage treatment facilities, public toilets, waste disposal installations and devices). By sanitary survey, one usually understands various types of descriptions and studies of a particular object or fact for the purposes of its sanitary assessment and the development of necessary sanitary measures (sanitary-statistical, sanitary-topographical, epidemiological, sanitary-technical, and other surveys). A brief statement of a particular sanitary fact (of a positive or negative nature), set forth in the form of a protocol or other official document, has its own name—sanitary inspection or sanitary act. By sanitary analysis, one understands the laboratory examination of certain objects by chemical, bacteriological, and other methods for the purposes of their sanitary assessment. Such are sanitary analyses of drinking and waste waters, soil, household items, food products, etc.