Unconditioned Reflex (STIMULI participating in a number of Russian)

UNCONDITIONED REFLEX, STIMULI participating in a number of Russian medical publications. The research of B. and his pupils is devoted exclusively to questions of immunity and anaphylaxis. They were published mainly in the "Annales de l'Institut Pasteur", "Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur", "C. R. Academie des Sciences" and "C. R. Societe de Biologie". The most famous are the studies of B. on the protection against anaphylactic shock, or antianaphylaxis, on the dosage of serum toxicity, on methods for obtaining endotoxins, streptococcal hemolysin, leukotoxic serum, antigen for the serodiagnosis of tuberculosis, on the role of the skin and intestines in infection, on vaccination against sheep pox and anthrax, on sensitized vaccines, on oral vaccination against typhoid fever, dysentery, and cholera, on vaccination through the skin against staphylococcal and streptococcal infections, on antiviruses (see) and local immunity in general. In addition to these experimental works, he published the following monographs: "Anaphylaxie et Antianaphylaxie", 1916; "Histoire d'une idee", 1920; "Immunisation locale et pansements specifiques", 1926; "Etudes sur l'immunite dans les maladies infectieuses", 1928. Contrary to the generally accepted view of immunity as a phenomenon associated with the presence of antibodies, Besredka puts forward the idea that in most infectious diseases, antibodies do not take part in active immunity. Based on his experimental research, the primary role in both infection and immunity belongs to the "receptive" cells of the skin and mucous membranes. This conception is clearly illustrated by anthrax. Thus, the guinea pig was always considered so susceptible that it was enough to introduce a single anthrax bacillus to cause fatal septicemia. This susceptibility, as experiments have shown, is concentrated essentially entirely in the skin cells, and if the skin is bypassed during injection, many lethal doses can be administered to the guinea pig with impunity without disturbing its health. Continuing his experiments in this direction, B. noticed another, no less important fact: guinea pigs, which could never be protected against anthrax, are easily immunized if one resorts to vaccination through the skin. The immunity obtained in this way is established in the complete absence of antibodies in the blood. The mechanism of infection and immunity indicated for anthrax was also extended to diseases of staphylococcal and streptococcal origin, as well as to a group of diseases (e.g., typhoid fever, dysentery, and cholera) in which "receptive cells are located in the intestinal wall". In all these cases, immunity is the result of the adsorption of antiviruses by the receptive cells of the skin or intestines. This conception of local infection and local immunity is formulated as follows: every microbe has its cell; each cell has its immunity.