Monosomy

MONOSOMY, a type of double malformation, when conjoined monozygotic twins have one common body and separate heads on a common neck with a common atlas (atlodyme according to the terminology of Geoffroy St. Hilaire), or the heads are connected at the back in the occipital region (iniodyme) or with one common head there are two faces (opodyme-see Di-prosopus). MONOCEPHALY, a type of double malformation, when conjoined monozygotic twins have a common head and upper part of the trunk (for example cephalo-thoracopagus); this also includes the majority of cases of double malformations designated as duolicitas posterior. MONOCYTOSIS, increased content of monocytes in the blood. In normal blood, monocytes make up 4-8% of all white corpuscles; in pathological cases, the number of monocytes is subject to significant fluctuations regardless of fluctuations in the number of lymphocytes and granulocytes. An increase in the number of monocytes can be significantly expressed in smallpox, typhus, often during measles during the eruption, ulcerative endocarditis (especially in endocarditis lenta). M. is less pronounced in acute tuberculous and syphilitic processes, scarlet fever, pneumonia, purulent processes. In acute infectious diseases, M. is most often observed during the crisis period; in more prolonged, less virulent infections, M. is often prolonged (Timofeevsky). Monocytosis is also accompanied by protozoan diseases, especially malaria and kala-azar outside of fever attacks, Banti's disease, arteriosclerosis, mildly expressed forms of Basedow's disease, helminthic diseases. In recent years, cases of monocytic leukemia (Schilling, Fleischmann, Hirschfeld) and "monocytic" anginas with 56-68% monocytes have been described. A decrease in the number of monocytes, and sometimes their complete "absence," can be observed in severe septic diseases, where this has a poor prognostic value, then in leukemias, pernicious anemia. Lit.-see lit. to art. Hematology and Blood.