Organs of Movement

Organs of Movement, parts of an animal's body serving for its movement in space. In protozoa and some lower animals, cellular organelles in the form of cilia or flagella serve this purpose. In the vast majority of animals, however, movement is effected by muscular action using specialized smooth or striated muscular tissue. In the simplest case, in worms, involuntary muscles form a continuous layer closely associated with the integuments. The peristaltic contractions of this "skin-muscular sac" give rise to the animal's characteristic "worm-like" movements. In arthropods, the subcutaneous muscles are striated and break down into systems of individual muscles attaching from the inside to the segments of the external skeleton of the trunk and paired limbs. In vertebrates, a complex system of striated muscles also develops, attaching to the parts of the skeleton, which here, however, is internal. The forms of animal movement are very diverse, and in connection with this their organs of movement are also very diverse. Swimming can be performed by means of various kinds of propelling organs, by means of wave-like bends of the body, or by expelling water from cavities. Movement through the air (flight) can be effected by blows of special outgrowths of the integument (insect wings) or by means of forelimbs modified into wings (in birds and bats). Movement on a substrate, i.e., crawling or running, is performed either by means of suckers at the ends of the body (leeches), or by means of special, sucker-equipped and water-filled "ambulatory legs" (echinoderms), or by wave-like bends of the whole body (snakes), or finally by more or less complex systems of levers-paired limbs, as observed in arthropods and the vast majority of vertebrate animals. In lower vertebrates, fish, movement-swimming is actually performed by lateral bends of the body, especially of its posterior (caudal) part; paired and unpaired fins-limbs serve as regulators or rudders, directing the movement and maintaining the body in a state of equilibrium. Some fish crawl along the bottom, relying on their paired fins. In terrestrial vertebrates, there are only paired limbs in the form of fairly complex levers serving as support for the animal's body when moving on land. In the organs of movement of vertebrates, their passive part is the cartilaginous or largely bony internal skeleton, and their active part is the highly differentiated musculature of the limbs. The form and relationships of parts in the limbs of vertebrates change depending on the animal's mode of locomotion-crawling, running, or jumping on soft substrate (sand, forest soil) or on hard (hard steppe or mountain soil), digging in the ground, swimming, climbing trees, flying in the air, etc., as well as depending on various additional functions of the limbs. In fast-running mammals, there is a one-sided specialization of the limbs; in this case, instead of "plantigrade" movement, "digitigrade" movement develops, which is accompanied by a significant elongation of the metacarpal and metatarsal bones, as well as a predominant development of the middle fingers and reduction of the outermost fingers (especially in ungulates). In other mammals, various additional functions of the limb sometimes acquire primary importance; in particular, the forelimbs often become highly perfected grasping organs, and for the purpose of movement they then serve mainly or exclusively the hind limbs. Thus, many jumping mammals (kangaroos, jerboas), as well as higher apes and especially man, move on two legs. In the latter, when moving, the body is held completely vertically with the characteristic S-shaped bend of the spine, and the hind limbs are fully adapted to bearing the entire weight of the body; this is connected with a change in the position and shape of the pelvic girdle, the straight form and long length of the thigh and shin, the peculiar arched bend of the sole, and finally the predominant development of the big toe. (On the structure and development of organs of movement-see Limbs.) I. Shmalhausen. Statistics of diseases of the organs of movement. According to the nomenclature of diseases and causes of death of 1929, the department of diseases of the organs of movement includes bone diseases (periostitis, osteitis, osteomyelitis, caries, necrosis, osteomalacia, scoliosis, lordosis, kyphosis, etc.); joint diseases (acute inflammation of the joints, synovitis, joint effusion, suppuration of the joint, implantation of foreign bodies into the joint cavity, ankylosis, genu valgum, etc.); other diseases of the organs of movement (perichondritis, tarsalgia, flat foot, external valgus, Dupuytren's disease, non-traumatic rupture of tendons, ganglion, myositis, non-traumatic rupture of muscles, muscle dislocation, torticollis, lumbago, acute and chronic muscular rheumatism, etc.). Tuberculosis of bones and joints is referred to the department of epidemic and infectious diseases, and rheumatism to the department of so-called general diseases. The nomenclature reviewed at the Paris Conference (1929) introduced acute infectious osteomyelitis into the department of diseases of the organs of movement, and spinal curvatures (scoliosis, kyphosis) without indication of origin were referred to the group of diseases from inadequate nutrition. The nomenclature adopted in the USSR (1931) transferred acute infectious osteomyelitis and bone, joint, and muscle parasites to the group of infectious and parasitic diseases. Otherwise, no changes were made to the classification of diseases of the organs of movement. The materials presented here are classified on the basis of the international nomenclature of diseases and causes of death of 1920. Mortality from diseases of the organs of movement is extremely insignificant and they play a small role as a cause of death. This may be explained by the fact that in a certain number of cases death is the consequence of accompanying diseases and these cases fall into other categories of the nomenclature. Mortality from individual forms of diseases of the organs of movement can be traced from data on lethal outcomes in German hospitals-they cannot serve as indicators of mortality among the population, but still give some orientation. In 1928, out of those placed in hospitals for bone and periosteal diseases, 2% died, from joint diseases-0.5%, from muscle, ligament, and joint capsule diseases-0.25%, and from muscular rheumatism-0.2%. In cities and urban-type settlements of the BSSR in 1925, mortality from diseases of the organs of movement was 3 per 100,000 population. In Moscow in 1926, from diseases of the organs of movement, 47 people died under the age of 15 and 38 over the age of 15. In general, however, lethality from diseases of the organs of movement is insignificant, and mortality from them does not exceed 0.3-0.4% of total population mortality (e.g., in Moscow for 1925-27). Incidence of diseases of the organs of movement can be traced from materials on morbidity in the city of Moscow and Moscow province for 1926. Of 1000 primary diseases in Moscow province in 1926, 32 were due to diseases of the organs of movement, while in Moscow it was slightly less-28.4. Per 1000 population in Moscow province in the same year, the indicator of incidence of the organs of movement was 35.8, and in Moscow-37.5. Incidence by sex and individual forms is illustrated by Table 1 (ratio per 1000 population). Table 1. Moscow Moscow Prov. 1 Name of diseases m. g. m. f. 13.8 5.0 13.5 9.5 13.2 7.0 12.4 10.3 Muscular rheuma- 1.5 1.0 2.5 3.2 Deformation of skele- 1.1 1.0 0.6 0.5 Other diseases of bones and joints 10.4 9.3 In general, diseases of the organs of movement more often affect men than women, with the exception of muscular rheumatism, which in the province gives the advantage to women. Incidence with loss of working capacity of the organs of movement gave in the city of Moscow and Moscow province for the period 1925-28 on average 3.6 cases per 100 insured, and for men it was twice as many cases as for women (4.7 against 2.3). The average number of days of loss of working capacity was given by the indicator-34.4, and for men, as in the case of loss of working capacity, it exceeded the indicator for women almost two times (43.3 against 23.9). As for the connection of diseases of the organs of movement with profession, in the group of industries giving data (4.2). The indicators of the leather and metalworking industries were one and a half times higher than the average. In the second group were the printing industry (3.0), the sewing industry (2.9) and at the very bottom the textile industry (2.7). When considering the indicators of days of loss of working capacity, the order of their arrangement in relation to the average for all industries (34.4) remains the same. It should also be noted that the main mass of diseases with loss of working capacity was given by muscular rheumatism, myositis and lumbago. The average duration of a case of loss of working capacity from diseases of the organs of movement is calculated at 9.6 days: in particular, joint diseases-14.2 days, lumbago-7.2, muscular rheumatism and myositis-6.9. Disability due to limb defect in the city of Moscow in 1924 occupied 0.8% of the total composition of examined disabled persons with an average age of 36 years; women with an average age of 66 years occupied only 0.3%. Thus, men have more than twice as many disabled persons due to limb defect as women, and disability falls on the productive age, whereas in women it is more often encountered in old age (see also Table 2). Table 2. Disability from bone and organs of movement in the city of

In Moscow by occupational groups (ratio per 100 examined). Occupations 1925 1926. Occupations. 1925 1926. Office workers ... All workers. Tailors ... Leather workers ... Builders ... Metalworkers ... Chemists ... 1.3 2.1 3.2 2.7 2.2 2.6 1.8 0.5 0.9 1.7 1.5 2.0 1.1 Woodworkers ... Printers ... Textile workers ... Food and tobacco workers ... 1.8 1.7 1.0 0.7 1.6 0.5 0.3 0.4 The relationship of the incidence of O. d. to production is under investigation in the study of the incidence of diseases among metalworkers at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant in 1925 [Table 3 (per 100 inhabitants)]. Table 3. Group names 15-19 years 20-29 years 30-39 years 40-49 years 50-59 years men. 60 years and older women. Total. Sormovo city (all population) ... ... Workers of the Krasnoye Sormovo plant ... ... Including: Hot shops ... Cold metalworking shops ... Woodworking shops ... Construction shops ... Service shops ... 5.0 9.3 9.8 - 7.7 25.0 10.8 7.4 1.8 9 2.6 11.7 3.5 12.9 5.1 7.5 11.6 7.6 11.4 5.9 12.6 12.8 - 14.0 - 12.8 - ' 16.8 - 10.2 11.2 10.2 10.1 10.5 7.7 9.6 19.8 14.0 8.9 2.4 1.1 10.1 19.4 10.1 9.6 10.5 i

- 11.8 7.4 1.3 13.0 12.8 37.5 75.0 2.0 1.8 9.1 7.0 11.4 13.6 I 10.9 12.5 2.4 7.8 6.4 The highest rates of cases of loss of working capacity were in Moscow and Moscow province, with the leather industry showing a figure of 5.9 (against the average of 3.6), followed by metalworking (5.5), rubber (5.0), processing of mineral substances (4.8), food and drink (4.4), processing of animal products (4.3) and finally woodworking. The incidence of diseases among male workers at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant is almost twice that of the urban population, and among women more than three times, with a very sharp discrepancy in the rates for women observed in young age (15-29 years). The incidence of men is 1.5 times higher than that of women. The workers of the hot shops are most affected. If one follows the incidence of organs of movement by age, a clear tendency of an increase in diseases with age is observed. For the incidence of flat foot, see Flatfoot.