Braun

BRAUN, Heinrich (Heinrich Braun, born 1862), received his medical education in Leipzig, and his surgical training in Halle, in Volkmann's clinic. He worked as a professor in Leipzig, and in 1906 he took charge of one of the largest hospitals in Germany in Zwickau. Being a major hospital surgeon, Braun is one of the most recognized scientific authorities in Germany. On a whole range of issues, among which the development of local anesthesia holds first place, Braun's work can be considered "epoch-making." In his extensive manual "Die örtliche Betäubung, ihre wissenschaftliche Grundlagen und praktische Anwendung" (Leipzig, 1919), Braun set forth the entire essence of the issue and provided a number of original methods, among which the method of anesthesia of the solar plexus currently enjoys great recognition and distribution (see Local anesthesia). Together with Bier and Kümmel, he published the well-known manual on operative surgery "Chirurgische Operationslehre" (edited by A. Bier, H. Braun and H. Kümmel, Leipzig), which in 1926 was already published in its sixth edition. Of interest are his works on military-field surgery, among which observations on the open treatment of gunshot wounds are particularly interesting ("Die offene Wundbehandlung", Beiträge zur klinischen Chirurgie, B. XCVIII, H. 1, 1915; B. CVII, H. 1, 1917; "Weiteres z. offenen Wundbehandlung usw.", "Die verbandlose Wundbehandlung in der Friedenschirurgie", Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift, 1921, № 17). According to Braun's plan and under his direct supervision, a new hospital was built in Zwickau in 1925, which is a model of modern hospital construction and is considered one of the best hospitals in Germany. Braun's anastomosis, see Gastroenterostomy. - Braun's apparatus for anesthesia, see Narcosis. - Braun's anesthesia, see Local anesthesia.

BRAUN, Max (Max Braun, born 1851), one of the greatest helminthologists; began his professorial career at the University of Dorpat, from where in 1884, after the Russification began, he moved to Germany; he worked at the Universities of Würzburg and Königsberg, where he held the chair of zoology and comparative anatomy and was director of the Zoological Museum. While still in Dorpat (1881-1883), he deciphered the developmental cycle of the broad tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum) and experimentally established, both on himself and on student volunteers, that freshwater fish (pike, burbot) are the source of human infection with this parasite. In 1892, he published the classical work "Trematodes", in which the entire world literature on this group of parasitic worms was analyzed and revised; in 1895, a similar work was published on Cestodes, or tapeworms. Braun is the author of numerous works on flatworms, mainly flukes. In addition, he wrote the classical manual on medical parasitology—"Die tierischen Parasiten des Menschen" (6 editions), translated into many languages. The Zoological Museum of the University of Königsberg during the entire "Braun period" (over 30 years) served as a brilliant helminthological school for the study of flatworms, where many prominent helminthologists received specialized education. Braun is one of the co-editors of Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten.