Broca

BROCA, Paul (1824-1880), outstanding French anthropologist. Beginning his scientific activity as a professor of surgery at the University of Paris and a practicing physician in hospitals

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fl*\^ logical laboratory, which in 1876 was united with the Anthropological School. B. invented a number of anthropometric instruments (compasses, goniometer, etc.). He also developed the first precise anthropometric instructions, translated into all languages (including, in the 1870s, under the editorship of A. P. Bogdanov, into Russian). Particularly valuable are B.'s research in the field of skull measurement, where he introduced the concept of cephalic index, as well as the division of humanity into narrow-, medium-, and long-nosed types. B.'s works in the study of the relationship between the brain and the skull are of great importance; he established in the brain the so-called 'speech center W.' In 1872, B. founded the 'Association francaise pour l'avancement des sciences'. The main works of B.: 'Des anevrismes et de leur traitement' (1856); 'L'ethnologie de la France' (1859); 'Recherches sur l'hybridite animale en general et sur l'hybridite humaine en particulier' (1860); 'Instructions generales pour les recherches anthropologiques a faire sur le vivant' (1865, 2nd ed. 1879, etc.); 'Memoires d'anthropologie' (4 vols. 1871-83; vol. V is devoted to the brain of humans and primates). Together with Bonamy and Beau, B. prepared an anatomical atlas ('Atlas d'anatomie descriptive du corps humain' by C. Bonamy, P. Broca et E. Beau, Paris, 1841-66; 4 vols. with 257 tables). In 1887, a monument to B. was erected in Paris. -Broca aphasia-see Aphasia. BROCA FORMULA (Broca): normal weight in kg = height in cm minus 100 (P=L-100), a rough approximation which is suitable only for a small group of adult men of average height of certain nationalities (see also Indices of Physical Development).