Marienbad

MARIENBAD (Marianske Lazne, former name-Marienbad), a world resort in Czechoslovakia, in a beautiful locality; located at an altitude of 628 m above sea level in a basin open to the south and protected by mountains covered with dense forests. A mild, moderately humid climate of middle-mountain forest stations. Average annual temperature +9°, summer months +14.5°. Therapeutic agents: cold mineral springs (three main groups); the first, most important group consists of glauber's springs, which contain Na₂S0₄, Na₂C0₃, NaCl, Fe and free C0₂. These include: Kreuzbrunnen with a temperature of 11.8°, containing Na₂S0₄-4.32, NaCl-1.66, Na₂C0₃-1.72 and free C0₂-1.09 per 1 liter and with great radioactivity; Ferdinandsbrunnen, close to the previous one but with a greater content of free C0₂ (3.18 per 1 liter); Alfreds-quelle and Alexandrinenquelle with a smaller content of sulfate salts (3.24 Na₂S0₄ per 1 liter) and a lower temperature (7-8°); Waldquelle, in addition to a smaller content of sulfate salts (1.05 Na₂S0₄), is distinguished by great alkalinity and radioactivity. The second group consists of earthy-alkaline springs, of which the most famous is Rudolfsquelle with a temperature of 9.38°, containing Ca(HC0₃)₂-0.96, Na(HC0₃)-0.28, Mg(HC0₃)₂-0.6 and free C0₂-2.05 per 1 liter. The third group consists of iron springs, of which Ambrosiusquelle contains the largest amount of Fe(HC0₃)₃ of all known mineral springs, namely 0.17 per 1 liter. For internal use, Kreuzbrunnen, Waldquelle, Rudolfsquelle, Alexandrinenquelle, Alfreds-quelle are prescribed. For baths, the springs Marienquelle and Karolinenquelle are used. For internal use and for baths, Ferdinandsbrunnen, Ambrosiusbrunnen and Pra-latenquelle serve. M. has its own peat mud. Mineral (carbonic, iron-sulfur, etc.) and mud baths are dispensed in excellently equipped bath establishments. There are a mechanotherapy institute, inhalatories, electro-light-water-therapy cabinets, and a radiology department. Main indications: obesity, gout, diabetes, kidney and urinary tract diseases, cardiovascular system diseases, chronic catarrhs of the digestive tract, intestinal atony, liver diseases, female diseases, rheumatism and (according to climatic data) chronic catarrhs of the upper respiratory tract, emphysema, anemia, etc. Bottling and export of mineral water are carried out on a large scale. From the water of Ferdinandsbrunnen, salt "Marienbader-Brunnensalz" is evaporated and cakes are also prepared. In 100 parts of salt, the following are contained: K_aS0₄-0.66, Na₂S0₄-54.38, NaCl-20.40, NaHC0₃-23.81, Li₂C0₃-0.08, water and other components-0.67. M. is a well-organized city, has a large Kurhaus, numerous hotels and pensions, a park, theaters, sports and game grounds, etc. During the season, the attendance exceeds 30,000 people. The season is from May 1 to September 30. Literature; Vermel S., Czechoslovakian resorts, Kurortnoye delo, 1926, No. 1.

L. Goldfayl. MARIENBAD SALT is obtained from the mineral water of the Marienbad resort (see.) by evaporation and crystallization. Salt, obtained artificially in the form of powder with the following composition, is mainly sold: Natrii sulfurici sicci 350.0, Natrii chlorati 230.0, Natrii bicarb. 350.0, Magnesii sulfurici sicci 77.0, Mangani sulfurici sicci 0.4, Kalii sulfurici 6.0, Lithii carbonici 1.5. The popularity of Marienbad and its springs was used for the release of a number of ready-made preparations of various compositions with the addition of a certain amount of M. s. in the form of pills, tablets, and collections under the name Marienbad. One of the prescriptions for Marienbad pills is as follows: Extr. Fu-ci vesiculosi 8.0, Sal. Marienb. natural, 2.0, Natr. taurocholici 1.0, Ingluvini, Pulv. Ca-storei a"a 0.5, Extr. et pulv. Cascarae sagr. q. s. ut f. pil. No. 50. Prescriptions exist with other laxative substances (rhubarb, aloe, etc.), as well as with potassium bromide, senna, etc. There are preparations that are "Marienbad" only by name, but not by composition, for example, Marienbad tea: Fol. Sennae 50.0, Man-pae elect. 100.0, Flor. Malvae vulg., Rad. Polypodii, Rad. Liquirit. 5a 12.5, Caricar. cone. 20.0, Sacchar. pulv. 25.0. All these preparations, being laxatives, are offered by German firms against obesity. MARIOTTE-GAY-LUSSAC LAW is a generalization of the laws of Boyle-Mariotte (see.) and Gay-Lussac (see.), namely: vp=C(l+-^), where v, p and t are respectively the volume, pressure and temperature of a gas, and C is the coefficient of proportionality, equal to the value of vp at 0°. Consequently, the M.-G.-L. law reads as follows: the product of the volume and pressure of a gas at a given temperature is equal to the product of the volume and pressure of the same gas at 0°, multiplied by the increase in the unit volume of the gas due to the rise of t°. This formula, also called the equation of state of gases, establishes a connection between the three main characteristics of the state of a gas v, p and t. By introducing absolute temperature T instead of t, from the M.-G.-L. law we obtain: vp=-?-T = ^RT, the so-called Clapeyron formula. The value R=-^ is called the gas constant.