Physical Culture

692 Physical culture in the system of public education....

708 Physical culture, body culture; in the Soviet understanding, the systematic and comprehensive improvement of the human body in the interests of labor and defense. The concept of P. k., which came into use in the USSR after the October Revolution, is incomparably broader in content than the previously common Russian terms physical education and physical training, encompassing not only physical exercises (Leibestibungen) but also the maximum utilization of natural forces and the cultivation of hygienic habits. P. k. in the Soviet Union is part of the general culture, placed at the service of building socialism and striving for the comprehensive development and elevation of the working masses and the education of healthy and joyful builders of socialism. This significance of P. k. was exhaustively defined by the party as early as 1925 in a resolution of the CC VKP(b): 'Physical culture must be viewed not only from the standpoint of physical education and health improvement, but also as one of the aspects of the cultural, economic, and military training of youth (target shooting and other sports), as one of the methods of mass education (since P. k. develops will, cultivates collective skills, persistence, composure, and other valuable qualities). P. k. cannot be viewed exclusively from the standpoint of physical exercises in the form of sports, gymnastics, active games, etc. It organically includes public and personal hygiene, hygiene of labor and daily life, widely utilizes the forces of nature, and cultivates a proper regimen of work and rest.' The CC VKP(b) defined the place of P. k. 'as an integral part of the general political education and education and health improvement of the masses, which must be included in the general plan of activity of the corresponding public organizations and institutions (trade unions, Komsomol, Red Army, schools, health organs)'. Developing along this path, Soviet P. k. has grown into a mass proletarian organization, encompassing millions of people of both sexes and the most diverse ages, from pioneers to the elderly. The main distinction of Soviet P. k. lies in its class orientation and applied character. In the USSR, P. k. is a matter of concern for the proletarian state. Under Soviet conditions, there is and cannot be body culture as an end in itself, which is so characteristic of the bourgeois sports movement; Soviet P. k. is devoid of that bare record-chasing, the spirit of professionalism, which are especially typical of bourgeois P. k., pursuing the goals of diverting the working masses from the direct tasks of class struggle and, along with the church, the bourgeois press, etc., serving as a means of obscuring the class self-consciousness of the masses. The main tasks of Soviet P. k. are defined by the instructions of Comrade Stalin: 'to raise a new generation of workers who are healthy, full of life, capable of understanding the power of the Soviet country and to defend it with their chest from the encroachments of enemies.' To achieve this general goal, physical culture sets the following specific tasks: a) comprehensive physical development and health improvement of millions of workers, mobilizing them for the struggle for a healthy way of life and introducing physical culture into the processes of socialist production; b) maximum assistance in preparing comprehensively developed shock workers, fighters for socialist production and the Red Army; c) creating a powerful foundation for the broad development of sports and the raising of sports-technical achievements on a mass scale; d) preparation of command personnel for the physical culture movement. [I. History of physical culture. Physical culture is known from ancient times in Assyria-Babylonia, Egypt, Persia, China. On a number of sculptural monuments obtained as a result of excavations, one can see depictions of various physical exercises (javelin throwing, archery, wrestling, etc.). Fencing was widespread among the Indians. The Chinese already knew free and breathing exercises. As early as 3,000 years before our era, we find in the instructions of the emperors Chinnong and Goan-Shi rules for strengthening physical health and bodily exercises. Physical education reached particularly high levels in ancient Greece and Rome, which left us unsurpassed examples of physical culture achievements. Here we have remarkable discus throwers, javelin throwers, runners (the famous marathon). Ball games (harpastum, sphairamachia) are developed. The Olympic games (776 B.C.) are organized, bearing the character of national festivals. In the writings of Plato (429 B.C.), Galen, Flavius, Philostratus (c. 200 B.C.) we find indications and entire chapters devoted to gymnastics. Gradually, cadres of professional athletes begin to form (in Rome - gladiators), and the cause of P. k. begins to degenerate. On the threshold of the ancient world and the early Middle Ages, along with the entire social formation, the cause of physical education also disintegrates. In 394 A.D., the Olympic games, which had existed for over 1,000 years, are prohibited, and in 404 A.D., gladiatorial combats are prohibited. In the Middle Ages, the main type of physical exercise were tournaments, in which the feudal nobility participated. With the growth of cities and the strengthening of commercial capital, physical exercises gradually spread among the urban population, shooting and fencing brotherhoods are organized. Football appears in England, causing persecution by the authorities. Vittorio von Feltre organizes the first gymnastic school at the beginning of the 15th century. In 1681, the first boxing competition takes place. In the 18th century, 'philanthropics' are created, special schools of physical education for bourgeois youth. From these schools, the first gymnastic systems emerge. At the historical threshold of two centuries, marked by the great French Revolution, the first gymnastic systems are developed, created by Guts-Muths, Fit, Jahn and Spiess, Swedish gymnastics (Ling), the Swiss system (Clais and Pestalozzi), the French system (Amoros), the Czech system (Tyrs) and others. In these years, a large literature on physical exercises already emerges (Guts-Muths, Fit, Jahn and Eiselen, Rotstein, etc.). Gymnastics began to dominate all other types of physical exercises. Depending on different local, everyday, socio-economic and political conditions, different combinations of gymnastic exercises were devised, which formed the basis of different systems that existed for a longer or shorter time and received different distribution in other countries (see Gymnastics). The pre-war, as well as the post-war years in the development of physical culture are characterized by a great growth of bourgeois sports organizations with significant cadres of professionals, who have produced a number of undoubtedly major sports achievements. The Workers' Sports International (Lucerne) is created, which is under social-fascist leadership, based on the preaching of class collaboration and serving as a means of deceiving workers. The physical culture movement in pre-revolutionary Russia and in the USSR. There could be no question of physical education for workers and peasants in tsarist Russia. Physical education was the domain only of insignificant groups of nobles, landowners, and capitalists. The peoples of tsarist Russia had long engaged in various games in an unorganized manner. The youth engaged in fist fights, for which tsarist Russia became so famous. The ruling circles supported barbaric survivals, and on this basis they could incite one nationality against another. This was in fact the government's concern for the physical education of workers and peasants. In the education of cadets, physical education played an important role. In 1821, a school of fencing was organized at the Noble Regiment in Petersburg for the preparation of instructors in cadet corps. From 1840, gymnastics is taught in military schools. From this time, the introduction of 'gymnastics' begins not only in officer schools but also in the ranks of the active troops. This gymnastics actually amounted to mockery of soldiers, the purpose of which was to create a dull and submissive army. The development of civilian sports came with foreign capitalists and dates back to the 80-90s. First, sports clubs appeared in Petersburg, and then in various Russian cities. These clubs were small in number. Subsequently, Russian sports societies were created after their model, united by types of sports into leagues. The Sokol gymnastic societies developed greatly, supported by certain government circles. The doors of these societies were basically closed to workers due to high membership fees. The tsarist government paid almost no attention to civilian bourgeois sports until the imperialist war. Only in 1912, on the eve of the international Stockholm Olympics, Russian sports societies were united by the Olympic Committee, and in 1913 the position of 'chief observer for the physical development of the population' was created, and General Voeikov was entrusted with 'general supervision of the organization of physical development of the rising generation,' etc., and during the war in 1915, the 'Regulation on the Mobilization of Sports' was approved, which aimed at: 1) pre-conscription training, 2) initial training of recruits, 3) maintaining the physical development of reserves, and 4) sports activities during active service.'

All these instructions actually led to nothing. The imperialist war destroyed the sports societies of tsarist Russia, and by the beginning of the October Revolution, Russia counted several tens of thousands of athletes with very low qualitative indicators and a completely ruined, wretched material base (grounds, equipment, etc.). The October Revolution, establishing the dictatorship of the proletariat, from its first days began the struggle for the creation of a new, comprehensively developed, healthy, and vigorous person. The government issued a series of decrees emancipating the working people (protection of labor, eight-hour working day, elimination of child labor, social insurance, elimination of illiteracy, protection of motherhood, etc.). During the period of military danger and the impending civil war, on April 22, 1918, a decree was issued on the militia system and the Vseobuch (Main Administration of Universal Military Training, Sports, and Pre-conscription Training) was created. The nationalization of sports and gymnastic clubs and schools was carried out, the requisition of privately-owned vessels was carried out, etc. All these measures were aimed at satisfying the demands of the working masses for physical culture. - With the end of the civil war, Physical Culture in the USSR received powerful development and scope. On June 7, 1923, by a resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the regulations on the creation of the All-Russian Council of Physical Culture were approved. N. A. Semashko was approved as the first chairman of the VSFC of the RSFSR. The mass development of Physical Culture begins. Physical culture is introduced as a compulsory subject in all schools and in the Red Army and on a voluntary basis is developed through a powerful network of circles in the trade union and Komsomol systems. In 1921, the Red Sport International was created. The above-mentioned resolution of the Central Committee of the VKP(b) of 1925 was a historical stage. In 1928, the first All-Union Spartakiad was held as the first review of the physical culture forces of the USSR and a demonstration of international solidarity with the USSR by proletarian athletes of the West. Physical Culture in the reconstruction period. The resolution of the Central Committee of the VKP(b) of 1929, which gave an unsatisfactory assessment of the state of the entire physical culture movement, laid the foundation for its fundamental restructuring on a production basis, voluntariness, and subordination to the tasks of socialist construction. The decision of the Central Committee of the VKP(b) became a new stimulus for the broad development of the physical culture movement. On April 3, 1930, the Central Executive Committee of the USSR issued a decree on physical culture in the Soviet Union, assessing this area of work as a matter of primary state importance. The All-Union Council of Physical Culture was created, with organizations in the localities, as an organ of state leadership. The activities of all people's commissariats and departments in the field of physical culture were defined. Before the October Revolution, there were 10,000 athletes; in 1928 - 650,000; in 1934, 2,500,000 passed the standards for the GTO badge; and 6,000,000 were covered by passing the standard; 20,000,000 children were covered by physical culture classes. These successes are directly due to the enormous attention that the Party and government paid to the development of physical culture in the Soviet country. II. The system of Soviet physical culture. 'Ready for Labor and Defense'. The system of Physical Culture in the USSR is built, taking into account the peculiarities of socialist culture and the needs of socialist construction. That is why Physical Culture has as its main task the preparation for labor and defense. For these purposes, Soviet Physical Culture adopted the GTO system ('Ready for Labor and Defense'). To stimulate the independent work of the working people of the Soviet Union in Physical Culture, at the initiative of the Leninist Komsomol, the VSFC of the USSR on March 11, 1931, decided to award a special badge 'Ready for Labor and Defense' for comprehensive physical culture training. Comprehensive physical fitness, according to the approved regulations, is determined by the fulfillment of a set of established tests and practical and theoretical requirements. The introduction of the first level GTO badge set the task of covering the broad masses of working people with an independent physical culture movement, as well as fundamentally restructuring all the content of work in Physical Culture throughout the entire system of the independent physical culture movement and school, covering all age groups of working people. '91 The introduction of the second GTO complex, which includes significantly increased requirements, solves the task of maximally raising the level of comprehensive fitness of physical culture workers and completes the construction of the foundations of the Soviet system of physical culture 'Ready for Labor and Defense' for all stages of school and higher education. On this principle, all physical culture work in the trade unions, army, and voluntary sports organizations is built. The complexes of the GTO badges of the first and second levels solve the task of comprehensive physical development of the working people of the Soviet Union and quite clearly and clearly show every working person what a Soviet physical culture worker should be. In order to receive the 'Ready for Labor and Defense' badge, one must have the skills necessary in labor and combat situations. The GTO complex reflects the specific orientation of Soviet Physical Culture. It includes the most applicable physical exercises and sports, military-physical culture knowledge, the ability to operate mechanized means of transportation, hygiene and sanitary minimum, self-control and mandatory medical control, and at the same time, the badge holder is required to be the best shock worker in production. The creation of the GTO complex led to the enormous development of the physical culture movement in the USSR. This complex, providing a minimum of comprehensive physical culture training for the masses for labor and defense, became the property of the broad masses and created immeasurable opportunities for raising sports and technical results. Physical culture in the production process. In its resolution of 3/IV 1930, the Central Executive Committee of the USSR instructed the People's Commissariat of Labor together with the Supreme Economic Council and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions to include Physical Culture among the measures for improving the health and increasing the productivity of labor of workers in enterprises. The work carried out by research institutes on the introduction of Physical Culture into the production process proved the influence of the latter in its various forms on increasing labor productivity and improving the health of workers, determined the most rational forms and methods of Physical Culture both in the production process and outside of it. On the basis of the work carried out, the following forms and means of physical culture, introduced into the production processes, were determined: 1) physical exercises before work (introductory); 2) physical exercises after work; 3) physical exercises during breaks. Individual types of gymnastic exercises - before work, after work, and during breaks - aim to: a) increase general resistance to fatigue and increase endurance; b) develop various muscle groups, and in connection with this, the nervous system; ^c) improve breathing, blood circulation, and metabolism; d) create a cheerful mood; e) accustom to organization, posture, and discipline; f) cultivate the ability to master new movements, starting with the simplest and gradually progressing to more complex ones. Physical culture in the production process, being an organic part of the unified 'Ready for Labor and Defense' system, is widely spread in leading enterprises in the Soviet Union. Physical culture work in the production process is carried out in more than 200 enterprises; labor productivity in individual enterprises increased from 2% to 10%, injuries sharply decreased, and health improved. Physical culture and the defense of the USSR. The most important task of the physical culture movement of the Soviet country is the physical education of the fighters of the Red Army. In order to become a good fighter of the Red Army, one must be physically healthy, brave, steadfast, decisive, and well-trained. Making extensive use of all means of Physical Culture, the Red Army ensures the training of physically developed fighters. To educate the fighters, the Red Army uses various physical culture means systematically introduced into the life and training of the Red Army man. The Red Army widely spreads its physical culture achievements to all physical culture movements: military-style hikes on skis, bicycles, swimming, military-defense gymnastics, etc. Physical culture in the system of public education. Soviet physical culture movement pays special attention to the organization of Physical Culture in the education system of the new generation along the lines of the polytechnic school and all higher educational institutions. Physical culture in the Soviet school system is a compulsory subject and represents an organic part of the entire education system. Only in the USSR is the task set by Karl Marx realized 'to combine productive labor with teaching and gymnastics for all children from a certain age, not only as a method of increasing social production, but also as the only method of creating comprehensively developed people' (Karl Marx, Capital, Vol. I). In the curricula of schools and higher educational institutions, 1-2 hours per six-day week are allocated for physical culture.

Depending on age and physical development, standards have been established for the children's badge 'Be Ready for ^LABOR and Defense,' and everyone finishing school at age 17-18 must be prepared to pass the standards of the first stage of the GTO, while those completing higher educational institutions must pass the standards of the second stage of the GTO complex. Soviet Physical Culture, striving for the upbringing of a comprehensively developed new generation, sets the following tasks: a) it contributes to the comprehensive development and formation of the growing organism, strengthens and hardens the health of children; b) it mobilizes children for the struggle for the quality of studies, for knowledge, for conscious discipline, for mastering the fundamentals of sciences; c) it widely develops independent and sports-technical work (gymnastics, sports games), develops various forms of mass physical culture work, organizes the routine of the pioneer and schoolchild, contributes to the upbringing of personal and public hygiene; d) it cultivates activity, courage, decisiveness, persistence, quick orientation, organization, discipline, collectivism, and other qualities necessary for members of socialist society; e) it cultivates basic motor skills preparing children for ^LABOR and Defense. III. Means and methods of physical culture. The means and methods of Physical Culture are varied and diverse. The means of Physical Culture can be divided into 3 groups: 1) hygienic routine and skills: skills in labor and daily life (see Individual Hygiene); 2) the natural forces of nature—air, sun, and water (see Hardening) and 3) physical exercises. The latter (so-called kinetic means) include sports, athletics, gymnastics, and games (see) and can be divided into the following groups: 1) gymnastics: athletic, artistic, hygienic, medical; 2) light athletics (running, jumping, and throwing); 3) heavy athletics—defense and attack (boxing, wrestling, weightlifting); 4) sports games (football, tennis, volleyball, basketball, etc.); 5) mass and mobile games (children's and others); 6) water sports (swimming, rowing, sailing, motor boating, diving, water polo); 7) winter sports (skiing, skating, sleighs, hockey); 8) cycling and motor sports (bicycle, motorcycle, automobile); 9) air sports (parachuting, aviation, etc.). The kinetic means of Physical Culture, depending on the type and kind of physical exercises, have different effects on the body. All of them are irritants of greater or lesser strength, to which a general or local reaction occurs. Reactions to this irritant have been studied in detail in recent years, and a considerable amount of literary material has already accumulated. These scientific knowledge about the psycho-physiological influence of physical exercises is necessary for their selection and proper evaluation. This evaluation can be made from various points of view. Every physical exercise or a separate type of it represents one or another value depending on the purpose for which the exercise should serve. A child, adult, old person, man, woman cannot use the same means, and the dosage of physical exercises must be different in different cases. The physiological evaluation and dosage of especially effective means of Physical Culture must be precise and justified. From a scientific point of view, it is useful to study all components of the total influence of physical exercises on the body, since not only a separate organ but even a separate tissue reacts differently to this irritant (experiments of Gebhardt in the surgical clinic of Lexer in Munich). With prolonged action of physical exercises, many organs change their size, weight, external appearance, strength, and other qualities. Physical exercises act on metabolism, on the movement of blood and other body fluids. Changes can go in both positive and negative directions: this variability affects the methodology of physical culture influence. It is sometimes used in evaluation from the outside (i.e., when body shapes change under the influence of exercises). The hygienic significance of many physical exercises is very great: its determination is based on physiological data. The entire motor apparatus (bones, joints, muscles, nerve centers) is very susceptible to change under the influence of motor agents, and this variability is also expressed in the acquisition of new qualities (strength, speed, endurance, accuracy, coordination of movements). Muscles are very susceptible to the influence of physical exercises, because during work their nutrition improves (blood flow increases many times). On the other hand, the more muscles participate in work, the more lively the blood circulation,⁴ the greater the metabolism and the better the nutrition of tissues (see Training). Hygienic physical exercises (running, games, jumping, swimming, rowing, skating, skiing) affect the vegetative and endocrine system, which is manifested in the growth and better development of organs. From this we can draw the conclusion that these exercises are especially necessary in childhood and youth, during the period of growth. It is well known the local influence of systematic exercises on individual muscle groups (muscles of the neck, back, chest, limbs, abdominal press, even muscles of the perineum), they are used for the purpose of general physical development. Physical exercises can be prescribed with a socio-pedagogical purpose, when the choice must be made in order to increase discipline, unite and strengthen the collective or arouse joyful emotions that usually have the most favorable influence. Physical exercises can never serve as an end in themselves; the purpose is the applied side of Physical Culture—the use of useful exercises in daily life, in life. The applied nature of physical exercises should manifest itself especially in the line of preparation for labor and defense. In one and the same exercise, there is sometimes so much valuable from the above points of view that precise classification by one criterion is impossible. The most practical should be considered the following classification. Exercises are divided into the following categories and groups: Category I: exercises vital with great applied significance. By orientation, exercises of this category are divided into 4 groups: 1st group—locomotion: crawling, walking on level ground, ascending, descending, and running; this also includes applied exercises such as skiing and skating, rowing, cycling; 2nd group—overcoming obstacles: swimming, jumping, climbing; 3rd group—means of defense and attack: throwing, casting, wrestling, boxing; 4th group—elementary working movements: lifting and carrying heavy and live loads, pushing, striking. Category II: gymnastic exercises. These exercises aim to improve physical development, give technical preparation for more complex movements (see Gymnastics). Some of the basic movements of this category are included in the GTO of both stages. Gymnastics constitutes the main part of former systems of physical education. Category III: sports and athletics (see). Category IV: games—mobile, sports (see Measures). Depending on the conditions and base, all exercises are structured in the physical culture lesson according to the following scheme (Table 1). Table 1. Name Tasks Content Time First part of the lesson Warming-up 1. Instill the habit of organized movement Drill preparation (in place, on the move, running) 3-7 min exercises 2. Introduce order, organization, discipline into the lesson Sequential exercises, figure marching (walking, running) 3. Prepare and position the group for conducting the subsequent parts of the lesson vv (Continuation) Name Tasks Content Time Second part of the lesson General 1. Strengthening Symmetrical, 5-15 min preparatory individual muscle asymmetrical and exercises groups combined exercises. 2. Strengthening joints and ligaments (development of flexibility) Special exercises 3. Cultivate the for relaxation and nervous-muscular tension, ability to differentiate muscular contractions with greatest amplitude of movements, apply for learning a particular movement needed muscle groups 4. cultivate rhythm 5. Equalizing exercises 6. Exercises for mastering correct breathing (so-called breathing exercises) Third part of the lesson Main 1. Main types of 30-60 min exercises exercises, from which the lesson consists: psychophysical qualities: speed, endurance, strength, agility, courage, persistence, orientation, etc.), primarily gymnastics (exercises on gymnastic apparatus, as well as exercises for movement, overcoming obstacles, lifting and carrying loads, military-applied exercises (throwing, game); light athletics (walking, running, jumping, throwing, pushing); sports, games (exercises for mastering and perfecting technique and tactics of the game); mobile games, etc. 2.

Close to this section are types mainly consisting: a) of those types of the GTO complex which can be included in the sectional lesson depending on the nature of the section and the season; b) of applied military types Fourth part of the lesson Calming exercises 2-3 Bring the min. organism into a relatively calm state with deep breathing and gradual slowing down exercises At the end of the lesson shower, self-massage, rubdown The tasks indicated in the scheme, being leading for one part of the lesson or another, must at the same time permeate the entire lesson, take place in all parts, and thus be organically connected with each other and complementary. For example, the task of instilling discipline in the lesson (first part of the lesson) must be carried out in the subsequent parts of the lesson; the task of bringing the organism into a relatively calm state, which stands in the 4th part of the lesson, is resolved throughout the lesson by alternating strong and weak exercises and establishing short rests between the strongest movements; the task of instilling applied military skills determines the choice and methods of conducting exercises in the general preparatory (and not only main) part of the lesson. This scheme is tentative and can be changed in relation to the parts of the lesson, content and time allocated for one series or another. For example, it is possible to exclude series for such sections as tennis, water sports, to shorten or even exclude the second part of the lesson depending on the preparedness of the group, the nature of the section, etc. The selection of teaching material in sections is mainly based: 1) on the requirement of comprehensive health improvement, physical development, improvement and construction of classes on the basis of labor and applied military utility; 2) on the specificity of this section, which, in order to satisfy healthy demands, increase and consolidate sports interest in individual types of sports and physical exercises, and construct classes mainly from the basic types of exercises of this section and include in the sectional lesson related to this type of sport or preparatory types. IV. Physical culture in the healthcare system. F. k. in the healthcare system appears as the greatest means of mass health improvement, instilling hygienic skills and is an organic part of the work on protecting the health of children and adolescents, fighting with professional diseases and harmful effects, etc., and a means of reducing morbidity. In the resolution of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of 3/IV1930, it is stated that 'the enormous importance of F. k. in the field of social hygiene and eugenics requires the widest and most comprehensive application of it in the matter of Soviet healthcare'. In connection with this, the government decided: 'to entrust the People's Commissariats of Health with the organization of control over all physical culture work, the organization and scientific study of F. k. as a socio-hygienic, therapeutic and eugenic factor in the system of various healthcare institutions and the corresponding training and retraining of medical personnel and medical workers'. The main activities of healthcare agencies in the field of F. k. are the following: a) medical control over the state of health and physical development of those engaged in F. k.; b) medical control over the organization of F. k. in the entire system of public education; c) sanitary supervision over places of F. k. activities (areas, halls, stadiums, etc.) and the construction of physical culture facilities; d) organization of first aid at places of F. k. activities and the fight against sports injuries; e) sanitary and hygienic education of physical 97 culturists; f) therapeutic F. k. as the most active means of treating patients. Medical control over F. k. in the USSR, included in the general system of Soviet healthcare, is a state measure and this distinguishes it from the arrangements existing in bourgeois countries, where medical control over F. k. is merely a private matter of individuals and organizations. The state character of medical control in the USSR determines its mass scale, free-of-charge nature and mandatory nature for all physical culturists. These moments determine the preventive significance of medical control, preventing the possibility of certain deviations and diseases associated with excessive and uncontrolled use of strongly acting means of F. k. The question of the need for medical control during physical exercises began to be developed both in our country and in bourgeois countries after the end of the world war. Until that time, if control was carried out, it was only over the physical development of the younger generation. This control was carried out exclusively in rich, well-equipped schools, cadet corps and women's institutes, where children of privileged classes were educated. Judgment about physical development was made only on anthropometric data; the methodology for collecting them was not yet unified and insufficiently developed. The lack of proper physical education, sedentary work in schools, and almost complete absence of physical exercises aggravated the prognosis. The October revolution forced to review all the theoretical and practical material and raised new questions about the dependence of physical development and general development on socio-economic and living conditions, expanded the limits of medical control and accounting of all work on F. k. In the USSR, medical control from the very beginning of its existence has a scientific character and meets the vital, applied needs of F. k. Anthropometric measurements as a method of checking the influence of physical exercises on health and development no longer satisfied, it was necessary to check the influence of F. k. by functional studies of the heart, lungs and other organs and to establish the general reactions to these irritants. The next task of scientific research in the field of medical control was: development of unified methods and their expansion, establishment of minimum complexes in different cases and development of standards. The content of the complex and the number of components had to change depending on the target setting and working conditions. The complex of these medical control studies is compiled so that it as fully as possible covers a person as a whole taking into account the surrounding conditions and the social environment in which a person lives and works. Medical control widely uses clinical methods of research, especially those that reveal the functional capabilities of the organism. The most complete research is conducted on those physical culturists who choose F. k. as their specialty, for example when entering physical culture higher educational institutions and technical schools and when choosing one or another sports specialty. Here, a detailed study of the state of the cardiovascular system using fluoroscopy, electrocardiography, determination of the volume of blood ejected, etc., acquires special importance. Ordinary objective methods of research: auscultation, percussion, studies of pulse and respiration, X-rays here are insufficient, it is often necessary to check the heart during work to know its individual reaction. Such tests, for example during training, are very desirable and necessary in all serious cases; one of the best forms of testing should be recognized as functional diagnosis of the heart, which is carried out by various known methods. Practicing physical culture doctors, dealing with healthy people, prefer those methods that give the heart a greater load [for example, tests developed by the State Central Institute of Physical Culture in Moscow (jumping)]. Often discovered in physical culturists somewhat enlarged heart sizes cause many disputes. Deich and Kauf, famous specialists in the study of hearts of athletes in Vienna, found that a certain increase in heart size (hypertrophy) is inherent to varying degrees in different sports specialists. For example, skiing gives the greatest deviations in this direction, and athletics the least. At present, however, such data frighten no one, since, as statistics show, a slightly hypertrophied heart can be quite fully functional if physiological hypertrophy is manifested in great work. Such hearts adapted to work sometimes show somewhat strange at first glance phenomena, for example, a significantly reduced pulse rate (persistent bradycardia), indicating vagotonia. This kind of bradycardia is accompanied by an increase in the strength of individual contractions, i.e., the amount of blood ejected; this reaction should be considered quite expedient from a biological point of view. Even hearts with an obvious lack of valves react quite expediently to habitual motor irritations: cases of athletes with such defective hearts winning competitions are not uncommon. For physical culture doctors, studies of blood pressure with simultaneous study of pulse and respiration (by the Riva-Rocci and Kravkov methods) are extremely indicative. Pulse pressure (the difference between maximum and minimum pressure), indicating the tension of the vascular wall, the tone of peripheral arteries, is of interest to the physical culturist and above all because a good tone of peripheral arteries helps the heart to work.'

Studies of blood (hemograms, white blood cell counts, myogenic shifts in blood reflected by the leukocyte formula) have become standard practice in medical supervision. These facts are used to determine the effect of physical exercises on the body and, in particular, to determine the degree of training of those preparing to compete in sports. Studies of the respiratory apparatus in physical culture practice are of great importance, if only because physical exercises can increase the strength of the respiratory muscles and thereby enhance respiratory capacity. An increase in chest circumference and amplitude of respiration, an increase in lung capacity are good indicators of health, they can be used 79» as indicators of correct physical culture methodology. Studies of gas exchange, general metabolism, special studies of the vegetative and endocrine systems are very necessary in Physical Culture, but these studies are hardly used in ordinary medical practice due to their complexity. Individual scientific research on these topics, which are still very few, point to the great influence of physical exercises on this sphere.--Medical supervision has found wide application in Physical Culture for women, which has many peculiarities. Experience has shown that the same measure cannot be used for physical exercises for men and women: physiological load and choice of physical exercises are determined by differences in the biological characteristics of both sexes; when developing standard indicators in the GTO system, this circumstance was taken into account, and medical supervision during Physical Culture classes with women helped establish these norms. With the help of medical supervision, it was possible to establish indications and contraindications for physical culture activities during menstruation, pregnancy, the postpartum period, and the menopausal period. The age of an adult also matters when choosing physical exercises. After 40 years (approximately), even trained people very often begin to feel that their reaction to physical exercises is different. This question has not yet been subjected to scientific research; it has great practical significance, and mass medical supervision over this age group would have great practical importance. When deciding on admission to activities in certain types of sports, the medical history regarding previous physical culture training, sports experience, participation in competitions is of very great importance. Thus, the presence of physical culture skills, the habit of adapting the body to one or another physical culture work greatly expand the indications for admission even to strongly acting types of Physical Culture. If there are corresponding possibilities, it is necessary to supplement all the above information with a check of the psychomotorics of the physical culturist, the degree of his motor development, which is of special importance when observing the development of a growing organism. In medical control studies aimed at admission to mass forms of Physical Culture, such as: first stage GTO, Physical Culture classes in rest homes, etc., the scope of the study is reduced; in individual cases, it is necessary to limit oneself to only a medical examination, supplemented by dynamic functional tests, such as the GCIFFK test with jumps and others. Medical supervision is not limited to the study to determine indications and contraindications; its tasks include control and supervision of the implementation and conduct of physical culture work in the field. The doctor working in Physical Culture exercises sanitary supervision over the places where physical culture activities take place: gymnasiums, grounds, stadiums, swimming pools, skating rinks, etc. He must be able to evaluate and analyze the conducted classes, determine how correctly they are structured, whether they correspond to the age, sex, training level and health status of the participants. In carrying out this control, the doctor uses a special methodology consisting of organized observations of the reactions of the participants, determining the density of the lesson by timing it, and finally conducting dynamic studies during the classes themselves. Studies of a psychophysiological nature are included in the complex. The most variable signs under the influence of muscular activity are the following: pulse and respiratory rate, blood pressure, data from urine and blood. From anthropometric measurements before and after load, only weight, spirometry and dynamometry are determined. If it is possible to conduct more in-depth studies, priority will be given to all those indicators that characterize the state of metabolic functions, which change greatly under the influence of muscular activity—biochemistry of urine and blood, etc. In connection with the widespread development of sports work, the prevention of sports injuries is of great importance in the doctor's work.--Organizationally, medical control work over Physical Culture is carried out: a) medical control offices for Physical Culture at DPA (children's preventive outpatient clinic) or OZDiP points for serving children and adolescent population groups; b) offices at higher educational institutions and technical schools for serving students and c) offices at production collectives, physical culture stadiums, Physical Culture houses and medical-prophylactic institutions for serving the amateur movement of adults. Offices are already now divided into basic and peripheral. The first ones deal with in-depth service of physical culturists using the data of dispensarization, in-depth consultation, etc., peripheral ones carry out work on primary and current control, self-control and especially consultations on issues of Physical Culture. Hygiene of the physical culturist. Personal hygiene of the physical culturist includes the following: 1) organization of work and rest, 2) self-control over the influence of the regime and classes in Physical Culture, 3) observance of the sanitary minimum in personal life, 4) observance of special hygienic rules regarding clothing and footwear, housing, nutrition and abstention from excesses in Baccho et in Venere, smoking, etc. The main hygienic measure is self-control, however, in order to benefit from it in a social or scientific sense, the data of this self-control, entered into special diaries, must be made convenient for comparison. Diaries of the physical culturist with developed questions would be especially useful. Some organizations already use such diaries. Self-control as a method of organized observation, supported by objective data of various measurements, has been introduced into the GTO system. The questionnaire for those taking the tests reveals a certain minimum of hygienic knowledge. Inadequately considered and incorrectly understood hygienic skills become a habit and in this case often represent the purest prejudices. Individual hygiene knows many such examples, with which one has to wage a stubborn struggle. An example can be vulgar heliotherapy of completely healthy people, who unnecessarily burn themselves in the sun under the pretext of acquiring 'hardening'. Sanitary education on these issues is of great importance. First of all 702Г those preparing for tests for the GTO badge should be familiar with these rules. During the tests, this knowledge and skills should also be checked. Self-control should only supplement medical supervision, but in no case replace it. It should be carried out only under the guidance of a doctor and preferably according to a certain developed regulation. Physical Culture as a therapeutic factor-therapeutic Physical Culture. Treatment by movement was known in deep antiquity: 2-3 thousand years ago physical exercises were used in China as a therapeutic agent, and then in Ancient Greece and Rome. Hippocrates, Herodicus, Asclepiades, Galen—famous doctors of the ancient world—described in detail the effect of this therapeutic factor on the human body, applied it along with hydrotherapy, treatment by sun and air. In subsequent historical epochs, the experience of ancient doctors was not used. The methodical treatment by movement began to be applied in the 17th and 18th centuries in the form of medical gymnastics, which, however, had rather narrow tasks, as well as passive gymnastics on special apparatuses (Zander and others). The method of using passive gymnastics apparatuses (mechanotherapy) is used in orthopedics mainly in the treatment of joint stiffness, in ankyloses and contractures. Modern medicine, as experience accumulates, attributes ever-increasing importance to organized and dosed movements as a therapeutic factor, considering that the principle of treatment by rest, which prevailed for a long time, has by no means justified itself and in many cases is harmful. The principle of treatment by irritation (Reiztherapie), treatment by exercise (Uebungstherapie) has entered medicine as a fundamental one, but its application is still limited. At present, therapeutic Physical Culture is given much broader significance, it is applied for preventive and purely medical purposes both in relation to weakened and sick people with pronounced forms, mainly chronic diseases. The widespread dissemination of Physical Culture has convinced doctors of its enormous activating influence on the entire organism as a whole, toning all its organs due to increased metabolism and increased excitability of the central nervous system.

The invigorating influence of physical culture means such as active games, winter and summer sports, excursions, tourism, sports games, and athletics became known to physicians and many patients, and the term therapeutic Physical Culture became common and understandable. The forms of applying Physical Culture for health improvement and therapeutic purposes became diverse and were conducted along two lines: general influence and local effect on the diseased organ. A large number of experimental works conducted in clinics and hospitals proved that therapeutic Physical Culture, by activating the organism, shortens the duration of treatment, because under the influence of physical exercises the course of the disease is more favorable and the recovery period is shorter; this sometimes resolves the question of earlier restoration of work capacity and of reducing the number of days of bed treatment and stay in the hospital. In recent years, the application of therapeutic Physical Culture has significantly expanded and is accompanied by great success. It has been tested in many diseases, its forms of application change depending on the general condition of the patient, the type of disease, age, profession, whether the patient was engaged in Physical Culture before the illness, etc. Along with this, the indications and contraindications for its application are being clarified, individual dosing is provided, and physical culture prescriptions are given. By dividing patients into appropriate groups, in many cases it is possible to apply physical exercises common to the entire group, which improves the mood of patients. Physical exercises are contraindicated in only a few cases: during bleeding, infectious diseases, with elevated temperature, during purulent processes, with great weakness, with uncompensated heart defect. Many physical exercises are applied even during bed treatment. For example, head turns, movements of arms and legs, breathing exercises are permitted. When the patient is allowed to get up, short exercises in the form of a warm-up, physical culture minute, or morning gymnastics are possible at first. Then one proceeds to a physical culture lesson according to a special program, to active games on playgrounds, to organized walking trips, to skiing. It has been noted that Physical Culture in hospitals always introduces a more or less significant emotional element, to which most patients feel a great attraction. It eliminates boredom from idleness. In many cases, labor therapy has the same influence, which has much in common with motor culture and the same psychomotor roots. Let us briefly dwell on those types of diseases in which therapeutic Physical Culture has already found quite wide application. Treatment by movement in cases of impaired exchange of substances—in obesity, gout, deposition of uric acid salts, diabetes—has been applied for a long time (see literature). All these diseases, with different clinical pictures and different etiology, obviously have many common constitutional and predisposing domestic and social moments, allowing them to be united into one nosological group. In the fight against them, Physical Culture plays a major role, since insufficiency of tissue oxidation is (Bouchard, F. La Grange, etc.) one of the main pathological, and at the same time etiological, moments. Physical exercises, causing deep and complete breathing, enhancing blood circulation and the activity of the neuromuscular apparatus, restoring the impaired metabolism, bring substantial benefit. With full obviousness, the success of treatment with dosed and well-chosen physical exercises is manifested in obesity, whatever the cause of this excessive accumulation of fat in the tissues and organs of the body. Treatment by movement in many cases of obesity has decisive importance. Erthal understood this well in his time and proposed a new system of treatment—'terrain cure,' which had great success, especially in the beginning of heart obesity. Therapeutic Physical Culture is now applied with considerable success in gout, diabetes and other diseases with impaired metabolism, but in more severe cases, when patients are treated in sanatoriums and hospitals, coordinated treatment with other methods is required; differential diagnosis of impaired metabolism and its etiology should be the starting point of treatment by movement. Treatment by movement of cardiac patients represents the most important problem of therapeutic Physical Culture. The heart can suffer both from excess muscular work and from its deficiency. Biologists, anatomists, and physicians point to the close relationship between the weight of the heart and the weight of skeletal muscles. It is also known that cardiac activity is greatly dependent on peripheral blood circulation (Krog, Deich and Kauf, Zelenin). Hence it follows that in all heart diseases the main concern is to help the heart in its hemodynamics. This function is performed with great success by Physical Culture when it uses auxiliary means of blood circulation, i.e., when physical exercises are prescribed that increase the action of the neuromuscular apparatus of the chest cavity and cause deep breathing. At the height of a deep inspiration, blood is mechanically squeezed out of the abdominal organs and the negative pressure sharply increases (from 5 cm to 30 cm of mercury 'column) in the chest cavity; secondly, movements are prescribed that promote the movement of blood from the periphery to the heart (regulation of the venomotor apparatus). This regulation is achieved first by passive gymnastics, and then by active work of the lower extremities, eliminating stagnant phenomena in the abdominal cavity. Improvement of blood circulation conditions in the small circle is also achieved by prescribing methodical, strictly dosed breathing exercises. This also reduces tissue acidosis due to increased CO₂ in the blood and pH. The mentioned movements can be performed in the patient's lying position in bed; further training of the heart already occurs in the standing position. During the treatment period, hygienic exercises and habitual automatic movements (for example, walking) are preferred, and if possible, running. The heart muscle is best strengthened by gradually increasing its load. Erthal's method is good in that this load can be excellently dosed and regulated by timing, distance covered, and height of ascent. Exercises requiring effort, great strain, and breath-holding should be avoided in heart diseases. Numerous studies of heart work under various conditions of physical stress have shown that the athlete's heart adapts perfectly to work by increasing its volume, contractility of the walls, frequency of rhythm, etc. The type of activity of the athlete, the sport he engages in (heavy and light athletes, boxers, swimmers, skiers, rowers, etc.), provide great material for judging what influence these exercises have on the size, shape, and functional activity of the heart and the entire vascular-nervous apparatus, which to a large extent determines its work. The adaptation goes so far that even organic changes (valvular insufficiency) do not prevent engaging in sports and do not cause health disorders. The researching physician-physical culturist has the opportunity to evaluate all the details of this adaptation in practice and to study the conditions most favorable for strengthening the myocardium and organs of blood circulation. The medical control applied in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases by movement makes it possible to successfully dose physical exercises in connection with the reaction of the cardiovascular system. The behavior of the heart, revealed by the reaction, is the only way to regulate physical exercises and guarantee safety. At the same time, one indispensable condition must be observed: all the activity of the subject, all his behavior, all labor load, all social-domestic and sanitary-hygienic living conditions must be subject to control and accounting, which is often overlooked when deciding on indications and contraindications. As experience has shown, such conditions must be observed at resorts and in sanatoriums. Treatment by movement in diseases of the respiratory organs. 'Breathing gymnastics' as one of the methods of such treatment has long been applied and has proven itself well in medicine, but its significance is still very limited when, for treatment or prevention, omitting all other types of physical exercises, only this one is used. Many physical exercises are an excellent stimulus for the proper function of the respiratory apparatus and for increasing lung ventilation: running, swimming, skiing, skating. All of them increase the need for oxygen, excite the respiratory and nerve centers with the accumulation of CO₂ in the blood. In persons systematically engaged in these types of sports, lung capacity, determined by spirometry, sometimes reaches 6,000 cm³. The task of breathing gymnastics is not only to develop the respiratory muscles, but also to teach a person to make good use of his respiratory apparatus. Breathing gymnastics has great importance in pathological conditions causing insufficiency of the respiratory apparatus, such as: adenoids of the pharynx, polyps in the nose, as well as weak development of the chest and its various deformations. Therapeutic Physical Culture, including breathing gymnastics, is applied with great success during the period of convalescence and after many diseases of the lungs and pleura.

Therapeutic physical culture is prescribed in these cases with the aim of shortening the recovery period; it achieves in most cases the radical elimination of adhesions. Therapeutic physical culture is conducted according to a specially developed and experimentally verified method in cases of tuberculosis of the lungs already in the stage of subcompensation, but the dosage and selection of exercises depend on the individual reaction of the patient to them. A certain increase in temperature may occur after exercises; if the decrease in vital capacity to normal is delayed for 1 hour or more, if the pulse does not calm down for a long time, it is necessary to reduce the load or temporarily cancel the exercises. Therapeutic physical culture in diseases of the motor apparatus has a general and local effect. The general effect consists in enlivening general blood circulation and metabolism, in eliminating stagnation phenomena, thanks to which decay products are eliminated more quickly, recovery processes are accelerated, the period of convalescence and disability of the patient is shortened. Therapeutic physical culture has a particularly favorable effect in diseases of the motor apparatus in childhood and adolescence, since forced lying down (bone tuberculosis, rickets, etc.) delays processes of growth and physical development. Therapeutic physical culture is used with the aim of a general effect on the entire body or a local effect on the diseased organ. Both methods are most often combined. The scope of application of therapeutic physical culture in these cases is very extensive. It is used in fresh and old injuries of bones and joints, for example, in fractures, bruises, sprains, in stiff joints, in curvatures and deformations (in orthopedics), in diseases of muscles, tendons, etc. In these cases, therapeutic physical culture consists of systematically performed passive and active movements of various kinds and types. With this method of treatment, the results of consolidation and restoration of working capacity of the diseased organ are faster and better than with treatment with immovable bandages and prolonged fixation. Fractures of the spine and pelvis belong to the number of the most severe injuries, which for a long time and sometimes forever deprive the victim of working capacity; but even here functional treatment has given excellent results. A number of surgeons (Gauman, Magnus, Hempel, Gorinevskaya), having abandoned plaster circular corsets that hindered metabolism and blood circulation, switched to combined treatment with traction and movement. Gorinevskaya and Dreving developed a method of treating fractures of the spine with movement (Skifosovsky Institute in Moscow). The main task of such treatment is to preserve mobility in the undamaged part of the spine and to create around the traumatized segment a 'muscular corset' supporting the spine. Physical exercises in this case increase the general tone of the entire neuromuscular apparatus and contribute to maintaining normal metabolism. This method contributes to the most rapid and complete restoration of working capacity. In surgery, treatment with movement in the postoperative period has enormous significance. Any surgical intervention traumatizes the patient in many respects and lowers vital functions: the patient for a more or less long period must maintain immobility, sometimes be on a semi-starvation diet in a state of depression. In the postoperative period, various complications caused by immobility are very often encountered: constipation, atony of the intestines, atelectatic bronchitis and pneumonia, etc. The patient, especially after abdominal operations, is afraid to breathe deeply, his spirometry is sharply reduced, diaphragmatic breathing is almost turned off and he breathes superficially; on this basis pneumonia and other stagnation phenomena develop, with which it is necessary to fight by motor means of physical culture according to the developed method. Physical culture has found the widest application after such operations as herniotomy and appendectomy, which proceed without complications, as well as in the postoperative period in gynecological patients. Research data showed that the healing of wounds by primary intention in the experimental and control groups was the same in percentage terms. In the experimental patients, no delay in urination and gases was observed, stool appeared independently on the second day, while in the control group, delay in urination and gases was observed. The general condition of the patients as a result of the application of physical culture significantly improved: stiffness, fear of movements disappeared. The decrease in weight in the experimental group (0.75 kg) was significantly less than in the control patients (1.80 kg). B. M. E. 1. XXXIII. Approximate list of exercises used after appendectomy and herniotomy. Exercise 1. Deep chest breathing (without moving hands) 4-5 times. Exercise 2. Starting position-lying on the back. Hands on the chest, fingers interlaced. Execution: 1) slowly with some effort straighten arms forward-upward with a turn of the palms 'away from oneself', at the beginning of the movement-exhale; 2) return to starting position-inhale. Repeat 3-4 times. (The exercise begins with a full inhale. Breathing is chest breathing. Exhale is longer than inhale.) Exercise 3. Starting position-lying on the back. Hands freely along the body. Execution: 1) slowly, in the rhythm of inhale, raise arms through forward-up-inhale; 2) return to starting position-exhale. Repeat 3-4 times. (Begin the exercise with a full exhale. Exhale is longer than inhale.) Exercise 4. Starting position-lying on the back. Hands behind the head. Execution: 1) slowly bring elbows inward-exhale; 2) return to starting position-inhale. Repeat 3-4 times. Exercise 5. Starting position-lying on the back. Hands on the chest. Execution: 1) spread arms to the sides-inhale; 2) return to starting position-exhale. Repeat 3-4 times. (The exercise begins with a full exhale.) Exercise 6. Starting position-lying on the back. Hands along the body, slightly giving support. Execution: 1) with a sliding movement, carefully bend the right leg in the hip and knee joints, place it on the foot; 2) return to starting position. Breathing is arbitrary. Repeat 2-4 times. Exercise 7. Starting position-the same. Execution: 1) with a sliding movement, carefully bend the right leg in the hip and knee joints, place it on the foot; 2) do the same with the left leg; in this position take deep breaths 2-4 times; 3) return to starting position. Repeat 1-3 times. Exercise 8. Starting position-lying on the back. Hands freely. Execution: turn to the affected side, lie for 1 min. and do 2 times deep inhale with simultaneous raising of the arm through the side upward. The same on the healthy side. Repeat 1-2 times. Exercise 9. Starting position-lying on the back. Hands freely along the body. Execution: 1) with a sliding movement, move the left leg to the side (left)-inhale; 2) return to position-exhale. The same for the right. Repeat 2-4 times. Exercise 10. Starting position-lying on the back. Hands behind the head. Execution: 1) carefully raise the extended leg forward upward at 45-90°; 2) return to starting position. Repeat 2-4 times. (Begin the exercise with the healthy side leg.) Exercise 11. Sitting 1-3 minutes. (The first time sit with the help of an instructor.) Exercise 12. Stand up and walk 10-30 steps. Exercise 13. Starting position-sitting on the bed, fists to shoulders, elbows brought together. Execution: 1) turn the torso to the right, simultaneously spreading arms to the sides-inhale; 2) return to starting position-exhale. Repeat 2-3 times. The same to the left. (Variation: when turning the torso, raise arms upward.) Exercise 14. Starting position-sitting on the bed. Hands on the waist. Execution: 1) bend the torso to the right-exhale; 2) return to starting position-inhale. Repeat 2-3 times. The same-to the left. Exercise 15. Starting position-basic stance. Execution: 1) raise straight arms through forward-up, simultaneously moving the right (left) leg back-inhale; 2) lower arms through sides down, bring leg together-exhale. Repeat 2-4 times. Exercise 16. Starting position-basic stance. Arms to the sides, clench into fists, palms upward. Execution: 1) slowly with tension bend arms in the elbows; 2) return to starting position. Breathing is arbitrary. Repeat 4-5 times. Exercises by days. Appendicitis. 1st day. Immediately after the exercise 1. After 2 hours-exercises 1 and 2. 2nd day. Exercises 2, 3, 8 (only on the affected side), 6, 4. The same after 2 hours, increasing the number of repetitions. 3rd day. Exercises 3, 8 (with permission from the surgeon can turn to the healthy side), 2, 9, 4, 10 and 5. The same after 2 hours, increasing the number of repetitions. 4th day. Exercises 3, 7, 2, 10, 11 (1 minute), 5. The same after 2 hours. 5th day. Exercises 3, 10, 4, 11 (1/2 min.), 12(10 steps), 13, 2. The same after 2 hours. 6th day. Exercises 2, 10, 4, 11 (2 min.), 12 (15 steps), 13, 5. The same after 2 hours. 7th day. Exercises 2, 10, 9, 11 (3 min.), 12 (20 steps), 13, 14, 3. The same after 2 hours. 8th day. Exercises 2, 10, 9, 11 (3 min.), 12 (30 steps), 15, 16 and 4. Hernia. 1st day. Immediately after the exercise 1, after 2 hours exercises 1 and 2. 2nd day. Exercises 2, 3, 7 and 4. The same after 2 hours, increasing the number of repetitions. 3rd day. Exercises 3, 8 (only on the affected side), 6, 9, 5. The same after 2 hours. 4th day.

Exercises 3, 8, 4, 9, 10, 5. The same after 2 hours. - 5th day. Exercises 3, 8, 4, 9, 10, 2. The same after 2 hours. -6th day. Exercises 3, 6, 4, 9, 10, 11 (1 min.), 5. The same after 2 hours. -7th day. Exercises 3, 10, 4, 11 (1¹/* min.), 12 (10 steps), 13, 5. The same after 2 hours. - 8th day. Exercises 2, 10, 4, И (2 min.), 12 (15 steps), 13, 3. The same after 2 hours. -9th day. Exercises 3, 10, 4, И (3 min.), 12 (20 steps), 13, 14, 5. The same after 2 hours. -10th day. Exercises 2, 10, 4, 11 (3 min.), 12 (30 steps), 15, 16, 3. The same after 2 hours. The application of physical exercises for preventive purposes during pregnancy and in the postpartum period has received full recognition from obstetricians and widespread use in women's consultations and maternity homes. Physical exercises during pregnancy, on the one hand, serve as a means of improving metabolic functions, toning the body, and combating stagnation phenomena, on the other hand, they prepare the woman for the act of childbirth by developing and strengthening the abdominal press and increasing the elasticity of the pelvic floor. In the postpartum period, gymnastics is applied from the second day; it consists of a set of exercises aimed at combating stagnation phenomena in the pelvic area, toning the entire body, and strengthening the weakened abdominal press and pelvic floor after childbirth. Physical culture has also been applied in the treatment of chronic gynecological diseases, such as: remnants of inflammatory processes, incorrect position of the uterus, plethora, infantilism, etc. The combined application of therapeutic physical culture with physiotherapy and balneological procedures is conducted with excellent results in a number of resorts, where local treatment is combined with the general tonic effect of physical exercises conducted outdoors (games, sports, excursions, swimming, etc.).-Treatment of movement of nervous diseases-local and general-with each year expands and deepens under the influence of more detailed study of this issue and development of specific techniques. Therapeutic physical culture is applied in functional neuroses and in organic diseases of the nervous system. The examples given above of course do not exhaust the cases of application of therapeutic physical culture. The area of its application is enormous and expands, one can say, with each day. This is a promising method of treatment, but still little studied under clinical conditions. It requires detailed study of indications and contraindications, development of special techniques for all diseases. III. Organization of Physical Culture. The physical culture movement in the USSR is guided by the Higher Council of Physical Culture of the USSR at the CEC of the USSR. The VSFC has as its task state guidance and control over physical culture. It exercises leadership over all departments and voluntary organizations. Councils of Physical Culture are created on the same principle at the CECs of all union republics, autonomous, regional and provincial executive committees, city and district executive committees. The main departments guided by the Councils of Physical Culture: NKZdr. (medical supervision, physical culture in the system of health care institutions, etc.); people's commissariats of education (organization of physical culture in the school system, development of independent children's physical culture movement, training of cadres; for leadership of this area in the People's Commissariat of Education, committees for physical culture are created); economic people's commissariats (physical culture in the process of production, physical culture in the system of higher education; in the people's commissariats, special committees for physical culture are created); People's Commissariat of Agriculture, People's Commissariat of State Farms (physical culture work in collective farms and state farms, sports facilities, development of mass physical culture work in collective farms and state farms). The independent physical culture movement in the USSR is organized in the form of voluntary sports societies, created at individual trade unions and departments. The basis of a voluntary sports society is a collective at the workplace (factory, plant, office), as well as sports clubs for individual sports. Full members of voluntary societies may be persons not younger than 16 years and who have passed the standard for the GTO badge of the 1st degree. Already organized and existing are the following sports societies: "Dynamo", "Spartak", "Locomotiv", "Stalinets", "Vita" (unites students of medical institutions), "Avangard" (at the CC of medical-sanitary work) and others. Basic statistical data: on physical culture: Table 2. Number of physical culturists. Years Number Years Number 1917 1928 1929 30 000 650 000 1 100 000 1931 1932 1933-31 2 800 000 4 700 000 6 000 000 Number who passed standards in GTO 1st degree: 1932.-500 000, 1933.-1 400 000, 1934.-2 500 000. Coverage of schoolchildren with independent work: in 1933.-5 943 000, in 1934.-8 453 000. Coverage of schoolchildren with organized activities: in 1933, 20 000 000 schoolchildren were covered.-Cadres as of 1/1/1933: specialists of higher qualification - 1 300 persons, medium-1 500 persons, primary-7 700 persons (total 10 500 persons). Table 3. Medical personnel. Doctors 1929 G. 1932 g. 1933 g. Doctors-specialists in <X>. and. . 260 420 665 Assist. doctors..........

675 Physical culture facilities: as of January 1, 1933.-6 540 physical culture facilities with a capacity of 7 500 000 people. Financing: for the first five-year plan, 250 million rubles were spent. Planned for the second five-year plan, 800 million rubles. Scientific work on physical culture. The mass development of the physical culture movement in the USSR has very sharply raised the question of the scientific substantiation of the theory and practice of physical culture. In the pre-October period in tsarist Russia there was not a single institution engaged in scientific issues of physical culture. In 1918, two central institutes of physical culture were created in the cities of and Leningrad for the training of physical culture personnel, which actually became the center of scientific work on physical culture. On the basis of 709", phys; these institutions in 1930, the Central Scientific Research Institute was created in the cities of Moscow and Leningrad, in Kharkov the Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute is created and in Tiflis-Georgian. At the same time, throughout the Union, scientific offices for physical culture were created, of which there are already 29. A large number of related institutes of NKZdrava and People's Commissariat of Education conduct scientific research work on physical culture (Institute named after Obukh in Moscow, Okhmatmlad, Gifo, Institute of Sklifosovsky, a number of military hospitals, institutes of OZD, etc.). Scientific work on physical culture has especially grown during the construction of the Soviet "Ready for Labor and Defense" system. The main issues related to the polytechnic school, preschool education, physical culture in the process of production, therapeutic physical culture, medical supervision, defense have been developed. The network of scientific research institutes and offices for physical culture has expanded. A number of related scientific research institutes have been drawn into the development of issues related to the scientific substantiation of physical culture. Physical culture press. In the USSR, a central newspaper, the organ of the VSFK of the USSR, "Red Sport", is published, in Leningrad-the newspaper "Spartak" and in Ukraine-"Ready for Labor and Defense". In a number of regions and provinces, physical culture newspapers are published. Of methodological journals, "Physical Culture and Sport" is published in Moscow, "Physical Culturist of Ukraine" and "Physical Culturist of Transcaucasia". Last year, a mass physical culture newspaper for the village was published by the publishing house of "Pravda"-"Culture and Sport". The publishing house "Physical Culture and Sport" annually publishes up to 75 different books on physical culture.

;v< Medical supervision.-Birz G. and Gorinevskaya V., Guide to medical supervision, M., 1925; Gurevich M. and Ozeretsky N., Psychomotorics, pt. 1-2, M.-L., 1930; Egorov A., Methodology of mass blood studies, M.-L., 1930; Ivanovsky B., Medical supervision over physical culture, M.-L., 1935;Minkovich M. and Gorinevskaya V., Standards of anthropometric and physiological studies, M., 1928. Age and women's physical culture.-Medical studies of physical culturists, Coll. works of the Moscow Oblzdrav department, M., 1931; Korsunskaya M., Physical development of the Moscow proletarian preschooler, M.-L., 1931; Substantiation of physical culture of women, M., 1931; Chulitskaya L., Physical culture of a preschool child, L., 1925. Therapeutic physical culture.-Therapeutic physical culture in a stationary hospital, L., 1934; Foundations of therapeutic and preventive physical culture in the resorts of the YBK of the VOK, 1934; Sarkizov-Seravini, Therapeutic physical culture, M., 1935; Collection of scientific research works on medical-physical culture work at the stadium "Dynamo", M., 1934; Sokolova, and Mashkov V., Therapeutic physical culture of the heart, ed. by M. Konchalovsky, M., 1934; Works of the scientific research laboratory of the OSFK, Odessa, 1930; Physical culture and clinic, M.-L., 1928; Physical culture in health care institutions and at CHEMISTRY

710 in production, M., 1934; Shimshelich V., Mo-shkov V. and Nikitin T., Therapeutic Physical Culture, M., Periodical publications.-Biology, medicine and physical culture, M., from 1933; Vestnik fizkul'tury, Kharkov, from 1933; Goto trudu i oborone, materials on the GTO complex, M., 1933-34; Materials on the study of the influence of physical culture on the human organism, Kharkov, 1931; Collection of materials on the academic disciplines of the GCIFC, M.-L., 1932-33; Theory and practice of physical culture, collection of articles and works on physical culture for the period 1925-1931, M., 1931; Works of the State Central Scientific Research Institute for the Protection of Motherhood and Infancy, M., 1934; Works of the P. Lesgaft Institute of Physical Education, L., 1932-34; Works of the Leningrad Regional Scientific-Practical Institute for the Protection of the Health of Children and Adolescents, L., 1933-35; Works of the Moscow State Central Institute for the Protection of the Health of Children and Adolescents (OZDiP), M.-L., 1933-35; Works of the Odessa Regional Branch of the Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute of Physical Culture, Odessa, 1932-34; Physical culture in scientific and practical terms, collection of works of the GCIFC, L., 1924-28. V. Gorenivsky, S. Magiton.